Educational Research. Correlational Research From Other Types Of Assignment

Educational Research. Correlational Research From Other Types Of Research - Assignment Example Klimstra et al. also sought to clarify several inconsistencies that had been found by other studies before, but not researched (Klimstra et al. 150). This study sought to examine the manner in which formation of identity in adolescents can be described best using self-report surveys. The study by Klimstra et al. follows almost the exact organization as that in the survey research from the text. First, the study has a purpose statement discussed above, it also has a problem statement, which is whether the formation of identity in adolescents is best characterized by stability or change; as well it has an abstract in the beginning. The collection of data in the two studies was similar in that the participants were asked to fill out questionnaires that would be analyzed later. In addition, the analysis of data involved the use of scales, although the scales were different in both studies. While the sample study in the text used the Likert Scale, the Identity Formation in Adolescence: Ch ange or Stability research study used the Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale. 2. What differentiates correlational research from other types of research? A common thing among all the correlational research studies is the fact that they are involved in the exploration of relationships between different variables. This differs from the descriptive research, since the descriptive research only describes what happens or what is going on. ... rrelational research also differs from the causal-comparative research, as the correlational researcher is attempting to measure the nature of variable relationships, rather than a cause and effect relationship (Mertler & Charles 256). For instance, a correlational research study could conclude that there was a correlation between violence among family members and ice-skating. While this may seem strange, it is true that there is a correlation, rather than a relation. As more individuals are involved in ice-skating in the United States, there is more violence among family members. The question, however, that this research poses is whether these findings are indicative of the fact that ice-skating causes violence among family members, for instance, whether people who have some bad time on the ice rink take it out on family members. In addition, could it be that violence with a family member caused one to feel the need to go out and skate the whole day? The truth is that none of these variables leads to the other; they are simply correlated. Every time that people go out to skate, there is an increase in violence among family members. On the other hand, it is also possible to predict that every time violence among family members goes down, it will lead that there will be fewer people at the local ice skating rink. What exists is a hidden link that binds these two variables together; which itself is a third variable, which, in this case, is winter. As people spend more time at home in winter, violence among family members goes up while more people also tend to go ice-skating in winter. 3. What are the principal data sources in experimental and quasi-experimental research? Quasi-experimental and experimental research designs are used for systematic observation of the

Service Recovery and Customer Satisfaction Essay

Service Recovery and Customer Satisfaction - Essay Example 316) believe that today’s business contexts are on the verge of a new economic era driven by the experience economy. This piece of research paper explains the relevance of service recovery followed by the service failure and describes different ways to achieve service recovery. The paper also explains how customer satisfaction and financial performance are interrelated and details whether they are always positively related. Service Recovery Strategic service breeds success to many marketers whereas many others fail since their service is inferior to that of others or is less attractive to the customers. Service failure thus provides many dissatisfied customers. As Botha, Strydom and Brink (2005, p. 301), service recovery is a remedial action designed with planned process or strategy of returning an aggrieved or dissatisfied client to a state of satisfaction with the company. Customer satisfaction is perhaps the most critical milestone that almost all marketers target and it is the base for better customer relationship, customer loyalty and even for achieving sustainable competitive advantage. Latest technologies and innovation help marketers differentiate products, and therefore they concentrate on making difference in the service being offered to the customer along with the product. When service fails, service failure is critical to survive in the market. A good service recovery system would be able to increase customer satisfaction, positive word-of-mouth for the company, improve product quality through customer feedback and elimination of costs in marketing and other processes. Service Recovery effort and strategic ways for it Fisk, Grove and John (2007, p. 176- 178) detailed a five-step strategic effort for service recovery. It comprises of apology, urgent reinstatement, empathy, symbolic atonement and follow-up. Almost same process was explained in the work of Botha, Strydom and Brink (2005, p. 301), but with a seven-step strategic cycle, they are 1 ) welcome complaints, 2) give immediate response, 3) treat clients fairly, 4) learn from recovery experience, 5) learn from lost clients and 6) doing it right. Apology with an attitude of welcoming complaints The process of service recovery should begin with an attitude of apology, which is an approach to becoming aware organization’s current situation in regard to dissatisfied customers. Apology is, as denoted by Fisk, Grove and John (2007, p. 176) admitting the failure and this can happen only when the organization has an attitude to accept complaints from customers and others too. Service can be identified and admitted only when the marketer accepts complaints from clients. If client’s complaints aren’t welcome to the firm, it will be fully unaware of how dissatisfied the customers are and why they are so etc. Urgent Reinstatement with immediate response Naturally, a dissatisfied customer would expect immediate response from the marketer and they want to know that some thing will be done by the marketer to remove the source of their disappointment. When the marketer accepts complaints from their customers, he must act as quickly as possible. Botha, Strydom and Brink (2005, p. 301) emphasized that a client will become more dissatisfied when he sees his complaints not listened and responded by

Tibialis Anterior Tendon Reconstructed With Plate and Screw

Tibialis Anterior Tendon Reconstructed With Plate and Screw Traumatic Ruptures On The Insertion Of The Tibialis Anterior Tendon Reconstructed With Plate And Screw Fixation Technique And Anterolateral Thigh Flap Running title: tibialis anterior tendon reconstructed with plate and screw fixation technique Haijun Mao M.D., Guangyue Xu M.D. Institution:Orthopedics, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China Abstract Objective: Traumatic ruptures of the tibialis anterior tendon are rare but can cause substantial functional deficiencies. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the reconstruction of traumatic ruptures on the insertion of the tibialis anterior tendon using plate and screw fixation technique and anterolateral thigh (ANTEROLATERAL THIGH) flaps. Methods: Eight consecutive patients with a traumatic rupture of anterior tibialis tendon on the insertion were managed from February 2008 to February 2012. The insertion was reconstructed with plate and screw fixation technique, and the tissue defects were repaired with ANTEROLATERAL THIGH free flaps. Results: All flaps survived without any complications. The average preoperative and postoperative American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hind foot scores of the patients were 51 and 94.7.Good ankle dorsiflexion strength against strong resistance was observed in eight ankles postoperatively, and a substantial improvement in strength was noted compared with the preoperative examination. Conclusion: Repairing a ruptured insertion of the tibialis anterior tendon using plate and screw fixation technique and ANTEROLATERAL THIGH flaps was a reliable technique and yielded satisfactory results. Level of Evidence: Level V, retrospective case series. Key words: tibialis anterior tendon; plate and screw fixation technique;rupture Introduction Ruptures of the tibialis anterior tendon, either traumatic or atraumatic, are uncommon. Traumatic ruptures are caused by an acute trauma accompanied with osseous or soft-tissue injuries in addition to pain and weakness in dorsiflexion of the ankle[1,2]. Tibialis anterior tendon is important in ankle dorsiflexion3. Ruptures of this tendon can cause functional deficiencies. A localized pseudotumor is usually present at the anteromedial aspect of the ankle, corresponding to the retracted, ruptured tendon end. Physical examination may include loss of the contour of the tibialis anterior tendon over the ankle and the use of the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum communis to dorsiflex the ankle[2]. Traumatic ruptures are usually accompanied with associated injuries. Traumatic ruptures of the tibialis anterior tendon that occur in the avascular lesion within 2cm to 3cm of the insertion make an end-to-end suture impossible because bone reattachment is necessary[1,3–6]. These ruptures are caused by accidents and result in tissue defects. Consequently, island or free flaps may be required during the repair of the tibialis anterior tendon. Clear guidelines about the treatment of these injuries are currently unavailable. Reconstruction of this tendon to restore ankle dorsiflexion and inversion includes end-to-end repair, tendon transfer, or allograft augmentation[4,7–10]. The present study describes a surgical technique using plate and screw fixation with anterolateral thigh (ANTEROLATERAL THIGH) flaps to reconstruct traumatic ruptures of the tibialis anterior tendon. Patients and Methods Eightconsecutive patients with a traumatic rupture of anterior tibialis tendon on the insertion were managed from February 2008 to February 2012. These patients comprised six males and two females with an average age of 32(range,24-46) years. Five and three ruptures involved the right and left legs, respectively. This study defines traumatic rupture as a rupture that occurred because of direct blunt trauma (e.g., accident) to the tendon accompanied by osseous or soft-tissue injuries. These blunt traumatic cases were accompanied by tissue defects, which were reconstructed with ANTEROLATERAL THIGH free flaps. Early repair (3weeks after the rupture or less) was performed for all the traumatic cases, and the average time from rupture to surgery was 1.8(range: 3days to 3weeks) weeks. Rupture of tibialis anterior tendon was diagnosed based on history and physical examination. All patients had functional complaints, includingweakness in dorsiflexion or unsteady gait, limping, and increased fatigue with walking. Physical examination included a pseudotumor at the anterior part of the ankle, loss of the normal contour of the tendon, and weak dorsiflexion of the ankle accompanied by hyperextension of all toes. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to assess the retraction of the tendon and confirm the diagnosis. All patients were available for follow-up. A retrospective review was conducted on medical records, final patient interviews, and physical examinations at an average of 2years and 3months (range: 1year and 3months to 4years) postoperatively of all cases. Postoperative manual strength testing was performed using a 0 to 5 scale (0, no evidence of contractibility; 1 (trace), evidence of muscle contraction with no joint motion; 2 (poor), range of motion with gravity eliminated; 3 (fair), range of motion against gravity; 4 (good), range of motion against some resistance; and 5 (normal), range of motion against strong resistance. 11 The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score was used for preoperative and postoperative evaluation. This 100-point standard rating system is designed to compare the results of different treatment methods in patients with the same disorder. The anti-hindfoot AOFAS scores evaluate pain (50 points), function (including gait, range o f motion, and strength) (40 points), and alignment (10 points). 12 Surgical Technique All surgical cases were performed under general anesthesia in the affiliated drum tower hospital of nanjing university medical school.A small longitudinal incision was made above the superior extensor retinaculum. The extensor retinaculum was left intact if possible to avoid adhesions of the tendon.The proximal ruptured tendon end typically retracted to the inferior edge of the retinaculum or just beneath it. Debridement was performed for the proximal and distal parts of the tendon.If the tendon could be brought to its insertion, a direct tendon repair was carried out. If the tendon ends could not be approximated or if the tendon could not be apposed onto its insertion site, an interpositional tendon graft, which included plantaris tendon (two cases), extensor digitorum longus tendon (one case), and peroneus tertius tendon (one case), was used to bridge the gap and reinforce repair . An anchor is usually used in most reported literature. However, this study employed plate and screw fixation technique to repair the tibialis anterior tendon to its anatomical insertion. Direct tendon repairs were performed in four cases. The end of the tibialis anterior tendon was placed on its anatomical insertion, and then a mini-plate was pressed on it and screwed. The harvested grafts had smaller diameter than the tibialis anterior. In most patients, this tendon could be doubled, which usually resulted in a graft with a diameter of 5mm to 6mm. The ankle and foot were held in maximal dorsiflexion and maximal supination, respectively, to determine the final length of the tendon graft. One end of the grafted tendon was fixed using plate and screw fixation technique. The tendon should surround one screw to ensure a firm insertion. When the bony attachment was performed, the tendons were sutured to each other with Vicryl using the side-to-side technique. Finally, the tissue defect was repaired with free flaps. In this study, the ANTEROLATERAL THIGH was performed in all cases. Short-leg cast immobilization was used for the first 2weeks to maintain the ankle in 0Â ° of dorsiflexion. Weight bearing in the cast was allowed in the succeeding 2weeks. The duration of cast immobilization was determined in part by the surgeon’s perception of repair quality during surgery. At 6weeks postoperatively, weight bearing and full dorsiflexion were allowed. Plantar flexion was gradually increased. Results All ANTEROLATERAL THIGH flaps survived without any complications, such as necrosis and infection, except for bloated appearance. The average preoperative and postoperative AOFAS Ankle-Hind foot scores of the patients were 51 and 94.7, respectively. Active dorsiflexion was possible after 2weeks to 3weeks. Good ankle dorsiflexion strength against strong resistance was observed in eight ankles postoperatively, and a substantial improvement in strength was noted compared with the preoperative examination. All patients were able to walk without a visible limp. However, one patient had a little residual weakness in dorsiflexion in comparison to the uninjured side. On physical examination they still had5/5 strength. This caused some symptoms of fatigue or pain after prolonged walking. One patient had 4/5 strength result in a little claudication and continued hyperextension of the toes when walking. Because of the small sample size, there was no valid statistical means to compare the results. Complications arose in one patient. She developed a regional pain syndrome. At the final assessment, we considered that the adhesion of the intermediate branch of the superficial peroneal nerve may be the cause of complication. After the operation of releasing nerve, the patient reported no residual pain and walked with a normal gait. All patients were satisfied with the final result and would undergo the procedure again. Case report A 46year-old man suffered from a tissue defect and rupture on the insertion of the tibialis anterior tendon from a motor vehicle accident (Figure 1). His preoperative AOFAS Ankle-Hind foot score and ankle dorsiflexion strength were 53 and 3/5, respectively. One week later, a complete debridement was performed. We used the plate and screw technique to reconstruct the tendon insertion without tendon grafting (Figure 2). The defect was reconstructed with ANTEROLATERAL THIGH free flap. After the operation, a short-leg cast was performed. At 2weeks after the operation, the flap was stable and the wound healed well. At a 14month follow-up, the postoperative result was 95.3 and the ankle dorsiflexion strength was 5/5 (Figures 3 and 4). He was able to walk without a visible limp. Discussion Ruptures of the tibialis anterior tendon are rare but can lead to considerable functional deficiencies. Ouzounian and Anderson[10]reviewed their clinical experience with 12 patients who had tibialis anterior tendon ruptures. Two types of ruptures were identified based on clinical presentation: (1) atraumatic ruptures, which occurred in low-demand older patients who presented late with minimal dysfunction and (2) traumatic ruptures, which occurred in high-demand younger patients who presented earlier with more disabilities. The authors concluded that patients with traumatic ruptures, regardless of the time of presentation, demonstrated better function after operative intervention.13 In our studies, the average age of the patients was 32(range,24-46) years. Therefore, correct diagnosis should be performed as early as possible. Delayed diagnosis is common because of intact ankle dorsiflexion that occurs as a result of secondary function of the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum communis muscles[14-17]. The diagnosis is significantly based on physical examination, accompanying by weakness of ankle dorsiflexion and a palpable defect of the subcutaneous portion of the tendon and a peseudotumor at the anterior part of the ankle. A pseudotumor usually corresponds with the retracted ruptured tendon end, which becomes entrapped at the distal extent of the superior extensor retinaculum. Ankle dorsiflexion is weaker than that in the contralateral extremity. A steppage gait is a characteristic but is not universally present. Conservative treatment with ankle-foot orthoses, bracing, and activity modification is a viable option in inactive patients. However, we speculated that even in cases with a considerable delay, a reconstruction should still be considered regardless of the age of the patients[8]. Several operative techniques have been published. Many reports recommend an end-to-end suture, but most publications report the use of other techniques because of the difficulties of obtaining an adequate suture repair[2,3,18]. In cases where tendon stumps are often retracted and undergo degenerative changes, an end-to-end suture does not provide adequate tensile strength to transmit the forces required for function. For such cases, tendon graft is needed. In recent literature, the interpositional autografts used include plantaris tendon, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis brevis, and Achilles tendon[2,13,19]. We used ANTEROLATERAL THIGH flaps for the soft tissue reconstruction in these patients. The advantages of ANTEROLATERAL THIGH flaps include consistent and reliable anatomy, long pedicle, being far from the ablative site, allowing two-team approach, the feasibility to create multiple skin paddle by recruiting additional perforators, the flexibility to reconstruct composite defect with chimeric flap by recruiting different tissue types based on a single pedicle, and low donor-site morbidity. When a muscle component is required, we preferred to elevate the flap in a chimeric fashion anterolateral thigh hough elevating the flap as a musculocutaneous flap is also a viable option and may decrease the operative time[20]. A suture anchor or a bio-tenodesis screw is often used for the reconstruction of the insertion of the tibialis anterior tendon. However, this study employed the plate and screw fixation technique to reconstruct the insertion because of its several advantages. The screw can fix the tendon to the bone as point, and the plate can fix the tendon as flat. According to the physics formula of pressure(p)=force(f)/square(s), large square results in small pressure when muscle tension is constant. The plate and screw fixation technique may increase the square and decrease the pressure, thereby improving the firmness between the bone and the tendon. Two patients removed the cast a week after the operation. At the last interview, the patients had a manual strength of 5/5 and walked without a visible limp. These results indicate that the technique decreased the duration of cast immobilization compared with previously published reports. However, no valid statistical approach could be performed bec ause of the small sample size. In our future research, we will use a large sample size to validate the results statistically. The applied technique was simple and easy to follow. During our operation, we tested different directions (perpendicular, parallel, or other angles) of the plate to the tendon and the direction of the muscular contraction. We considered that placing the plate perpendicular to the tendon is relatively easy. We speculated that a share force exists between the plate and tendon if the plate is parallel to the tendon. In addition, a cutting action may be produced on the tendon after a long time. Thus, we situated the plate perpendicular to the direction of muscular contraction. This study has few limitations. First, it is retrospective and lacks a control group of nonoperatively managed patients. The results are not representative of all patients with tibialis anterior rupture; this study only included younger patients who were symptomatic. Second, the AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot score was used as the clinical outcome measurement, which is not a validated instrument. Nevertheless, this study allows comparison of results because AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot score is also used in other published studies. Conclusion We recommend surgical reconstruction of the traumatic ruptured tibialis anterior tendon using plate and screw fixation technique and ANTEROLATERAL THIGH flaps. This technique allows early mobilization and yields satisfactory results.

Clinton Administrations Proposal To Increase Taxes For Multinational Co

My topic is the increase if the taxes which Clinton Administration is planning. This increase in taxes will target "multinational Corporations, end the favored tax treatment of extra long term bonds", It will also raise capital gains taxes by â€Å"changing the rules for computing the cost basis of securities when they are sold at a profit†. What this will do is increase the taxes for the rich and will decrease the difference between the rich and the poor. The plan is intent on cutting the middle class tax and finance higher education (yeah right). The current tax law decreases the Federal Treasury Revenue and makes the economy less efficient or less competitive. The multinational tax would disallow multinationals to assume half of their goods are foreign even if they are made in the US. Thus they could export to a country with low taxes and thus pay less taxes. This change would bring an increase of 7.9 Billion in corporate taxes over the next 5 years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This withdraws a lot of money from the economy and may thus decrease demand for goods, as people have less money to spend. The multinationals would employ many people and with and increase in their cost (tax is a type of cost) they would be forced to decrease the average amount of wages which the their employees received. This may take the form of decreased raises, or the laying off of some people. This would thus decrease aggregate demand for goods Nationally (as Multinationals would employ people in th...

Antigone – Foils

Antigone Foil – characters who have contrasting or opposite qualities. In the play Antigone by Sophocles, Ismene is shown to be in great contrast to Antigone, who is her sister. She is portrayed as a gentle and passive while Antigone is depicted as an aggressive and headstrong woman. In the prologue, Antigone and Ismene are shown discussing what has transpired since their leave and subsequent return to Thebes. In this scene Antigone asks her sister in line 6-7 â€Å"have they told you of the new decree by our King Creon? † which Ismene then responds that â€Å"I have learned nothing. I know that two sisters lost two brothers, a double death in a single hour, and I know that the Argive army fled in the night; but beyond this, nothing† (Sophocles 0:7-9). In this Ismene is show to be not very well informed and â€Å"out of the fold† while Antigone seems to know in detail all that has occurred and all that has yet to occur as seen when she replies to Ismene that â€Å"Creon buried our brother Eteocles with military honors, gave him a soldier’s funeral, and it was right that he should; but Polyneices, who fought as bravely and dies as miserably – they say that Creon has sworn no one shall bury him, no one mourn for him, but his body must lie in the fields, a sweet treasure for carrion birds to find as they search for food. That is what they say, and our good Creon is coming here to announce it publicly; and the penalty – stoning to death in the public square! There it is, and now you can prove what you are: A true sister or a traitor to your family† (Sophocles 0:15-27).

Vitamin C and Scurvy

Scurvy (N. Lat. scorbutus) is a deficiency disease that results from insufficient intake of vitamin C, which is required for correct collagen synthesis in humans. The scientific name of vitamin C, ascorbic acid, is derived from the Latin name of scurvy, scorbutus. Scurvy leads to the formation of liver spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from all mucous membranes. The spots are most abundant on the thighs and legs, and a person with the ailment looks pale, feels depressed, and is partially immobilized. In advanced scurvy there are open, suppurating wounds and loss of teeth. Scurvy was at one time common among sailors, pirates and others who were on ships that were out to sea longer than perishable fruits and vegetables could be stored and by soldiers who were similarly separated from these foods for extended periods. Scurvy treatment using Indian Gooseberry The Indian gooseberry is one of the most effective home remedies for scurvy. It is the richest source of vitamin C. Dry amla should be powdered with an equal quantity of sugar. This powder should be given in doses of one teaspoon, three times daily, with milk Scurvy treatment using Lime and Lemon The use of lime and lemon is highly beneficial in the prevention and treatment of scurvy. Being rich sources of vitamin C, lime and lemon are regarded as foods of exceptional therapeutic value. They have saved the lives of innumerable crews of ocean-going vessels from scurvy. The juice of one lime or lemon mixed in a glass of water, with a teaspoon of honey, should be taken for treating this condition Scurvy treatment using Potato Potato is regarded as an excellent food remedy for scurvy. It contains up to 17 mg of vitamin C, can be found in 100 mg of potatoes. It has been noted that scurvy in Europe has become more and more uncommon with the progress of potato cultivation and it makes its appearance only when the crop fails Prevention Scurvy can be prevented by a diet that includes certain citrus fruits such as oranges or lemons. Other good sources of vitamin C are fruits such as blackcurrants, guava, kiwi, papaya, tomatoes and strawberries. It can also be found in some vegetables, such as bell peppers, broccoli, potatoes, cabbage, spinach and paprika, as well as some pickled vegetables. Though redundant in the presence of a balanced diet, various nutritional supplements are available that provide ascorbic acid well in excess of that required to prevent scurvy,[10] and even some candies contain vitamin C.

Lets Keep Some of the Old Verb Forms

Lets Keep Some of the Old Verb Forms Lets Keep Some of the Old Verb Forms Lets Keep Some of the Old Verb Forms By Maeve Maddox When it comes to some irregular verbs, I really hate to see the old past participle forms regularized to the dominant -ed ending. Heres an odd regularization of split: Data is splitted between the protocols HTTP and FTP. To be fair, I found this example on a site belonging to a company based in Germany. Its a logical mistake for a non-native English speaker. Split is one of those rare verbs that never changes its form: Today they split the data. Yesterday they split the data. The data is split between protocols. The data has been split. This next example is from an online chat: the Rabbi of Bardichevalways seeked to judge Jews favorably As far as I can tell, the site is based in the U.S. The person who typed this sentence is well-educated. I have no way of knowing if hes a native English speaker, but Im pretty sure that he is. It may be that seek is undergoing the same change as slay. Ive often expressed my aversion to slayed as the simple past of slay, to kill. I much prefer the forms slay, slew, (have) slain. Ill continue to use the old forms in my own writing, but I realize that many other writers are going with the -ed forms. Unlike slayed, Ive never seen seeked before. I hope this is just a personal aberration. The -ed change has already taken place with seeks cousin, beseech: to beg urgently. Both words derive from Old English secan, visit, inquire, pursue. He beseeched her to change her mind raises no hackles for me, although I might still find a use for besought in my writing. What do readers think? Should all English verbs be regularized to -ed forms? Or do you have old-fashioned favorites youd hate to see make the change? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetEnglish Grammar 101: Prepositions

J. Edgar Hoover essays

J. Edgar Hoover essays John Edgar Hoover was born on January 1, 1895. His father's name was Dickerson Hoover. His mother was Anne Marie Scheitlin Hoover. He was the youngest of 3 children, his brother, Dickerson Jr. who was 15 years older and his sister, Lillian, who was 13 years older. After he quit school after his father's mental breakdown, John became a messenger boy for the Library of Congress. During that time he spent his evenings studying for a law degree at George Washington University. He graduated in 1917. After graduation his uncle helped him get a job with the Justice Department. In 1919, the attorney general of the United States, made Hoover his special assistant. His job as the special assistant was to lead an organization formed to gather evidence on communists in the United States. In 1921, Hoover became assistant director of the Bureau of Investigation. In 1924, Hoover became the director of the Bureau of Investigation. In 1935 Hoover pushed for and was eventually approved by Congress, the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Before then Bureau agents had few powers. They were not armed and were not allowed to arrest individuals. After the Congress act, agents were armed and had the power to arrest individuals all around the country. Hoover then started a scientific crime detention laboratory. He also started the FBI Academy. He then appointed Clyde Tolsen assistant director. After World War 2, Hoover believed that many ranking Government officials were members of the communist party. President Truman didnt believe his accusations, so he bagan to leak information about the suspected communists in the government. As a member of the HUAC, House Un-American Committee, he started the investigation of suspected communists in the entertainment industry and was able to name 151 entertainers that had communist belie ...

5 Tips to Write an Excellent UCF Application Essay

5 Tips to Write an Excellent UCF Application Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The University of Central Florida, commonly known as UCF, is one of the largest colleges in the United States. Over 50,000 students are enrolled at UCF, but that doesn’t mean it’s super easy to get in- UCF has an acceptance rate of 49.9 percent, meaning they accept just under half of students who apply. To set yourself apart from the crowd, you’ll want to write a stellar UCF application essay. Don’t think that the fact that these essays are optional means they’re not important; they’re an additional opportunity to show why you’ll be a great addition to the student body! In this guide, we’ll cover all the details of the UCF essay prompts, including how to answer them, what UCF is looking for, and a step-by-step guide to make your essay as strong as it can be. All roads lead to choosing to write the UCF application essay. What Should You Know About the UCF Application Essay? Unlike many schools, only freshman students can use the Common Application to apply to UCF. Otherwise, students must use UCF’s own application, which is also available to freshman students. However, there are some differences between the two. UCF's website includes a recommendation, but not a requirement, for a supplemental essay based on two of four prompts, outlined below.However, the instructions for the essay include the phrase, "The personal statements are a very important part of your application," so while they may not actually be required, you should write them as if they are. The Common Application includes two questions that do not appear on the UCF application, and reports from students suggest that UCF sends a follow-up email with instructions for how to complete the supplemental essays. The essays on the Common Application are flagged as optional, but, as with the UCF application, you should answer them as if they're required to be on the safe side. If staring wistfully out the window helps your writing process, do it! What Are the UCF Application Essay Prompts? Though the UCF essays aren’t technically required according to the college's website, it’s strongly suggested that you complete them. They’re an opportunity to flesh out your application with a more complete picture of yourself, which is valuable to both UCF and you. UCF has four essay prompts to choose from and instructs students to respond to two. According to previous applicants, UCF accepts those responses in one combined essay or in two separate statements. The responses, whether in one single essay or in two essays, should total no more than 500 words or 7,000 characters combined. Be sure that your essay or essays fall below both the word and character count. UCF has four essay prompts for you to choose from, though you only need to answer two of the prompts. The questions can either be answered in one essay or two, depending on which you prefer. If there has been some obstacle or bump in the road in your academic or personal life, please explain the circumstances. With this prompt, UCF is giving you an opportunity to explain any parts of your application that may not be as impressive as you’d like them to be. Many students aren’t able to commit to extracurriculars as deeply as they’d like because of financial problems or because they need to work or otherwise help out their family. Other times, students may not be able to keep their grades up as well as they’d like due to family illness or other obstacles that can make staying on top of homework difficult. Circumstances like these are out of your control but can cause hiccups in your education, which might not look good to colleges. This prompt gives you space to explain that, giving UCF a better picture of who you are as a student. So if you’ve encountered any hardship that’s had an impact on your education, it’s smart to take advantage of this essay question and explain it. If your grades dipped in junior year because you had to pick up an after-school job to help your parents out, let UCF know! Not only does that explain changes to your grades, but it also demonstrates responsibility. If you can explain your GPA based on outside circumstances, take advantage of the opportunity and do so. Be honest about challenges you’ve faced, and accept responsibility for things that you could have done better. Your answer to this question should demonstrate anything you’ve learned from the experience and how you’ve grown rather than just shifting blame to outside circumstances. Don’t stop at writing about what happened- continue on to answer what you did about it. However, be sure that what you write about is an actual hardship. Being bored with your classes or being more invested in something else, such as an extracurricular activity, doesn’t qualify- this question is asking for obstacles outside of your control. How has your family history, culture or environment influenced who you are? This is a fairly standard background essay, which asks you to think about your upbringing and how that’s shaped the person you’ve become. Because UCF has a fairly short word limit, be sure to pick one particular element and hone in on it rather than spending time painting a complete portrait of your family history. Information like this helps a college like UCF better understand what you’ll be bringing to the student body. Our upbringings often give us unique perspectives and abilities, which contribute to a thriving campus culture. In a school of over 50,000 students, it might feel like there’s nothing particularly unique about you, but there is- this essay prompt helps you discuss it. Don’t get too hung up on picking something dramatic to set your family or culture apart from everybody else’s. If you grew up in a family that really loves fishing and it’s made you a more patient, hands-on person, write about that! On the other hand, if you grew up as part of a traveling circus and that’s made you long for a place to put down roots, write about that! The most important thing with this question is to be honest, thoughtful, and specific. Pick something that really matters to you, and think deeply on what it means. Provided you are honest, thoughtful, and specific, there aren’t a lot of topics you should avoid on this one, though always be aware that, if you choose to write about something potentially inflammatory, the admissions office may not feel the same way about things that you do. Your audience is made up of strangers, so choose something you’re comfortable sharing with people who don’t know you and deciding whether or not you’ll get into college based in part on what you write. Why did you choose to apply to UCF? â€Å"Why This School?† essays are common in college applications because they require you to think beyond a school’s reputation and get specific about why you want to go there. Colleges want to know that your interest goes beyond ticking another box on your college list- you should have a reason to attend beyond that you think you can get in! To answer this question, try to get specific. What is it about UCF that appeals to you? You can look through their mission statement, course catalog, and clubs to find things that appeal to you, or refer to experiences at a campus visit or college fair. Connect your interest in UCF to something concrete. For example, UCF has part of its mission statement dedicated to creativity, which should â€Å"enrich the human experience.† Why does that matter to you? When you attend UCF, how do you hope to use creativity to enrich the human experience, too? If you can, make connections to real-life classes or clubs that you want to belong to, such as the Cypress Dome Society or Elements of Hip Hop. What interests do you have? What are your goals? How will these clubs help connect you to your student body? The most important things to avoid in this essay response are the things everybody else is already saying- that UCF has a good reputation and that it has a nice campus. Assume that both of those things go without saying. What else does UCF have to offer? What qualities or unique characteristics do you possess that will allow you to contribute to the UCF community? This prompt is the flip side of the â€Å"Why This College?† prompt- instead of asking why you want to attend UCF, UCF is asking why they should want you. Think beyond everything UCF already knows about you, like your grades and test scores. Assume that every student applying has exactly the same grades and scores as you do, and then decide what it is about you that’s different. What else do you have to offer? Choose something you haven’t discussed already, and be sure that you embrace that UCF is asking for what makes you unique. UCF wants to know about you as an individual, which could be anything from how you have the patience to make the perfect tamale to how your time leading a guild in World of Warcraft taught you about leading by example and connecting with people. UCF has lots of people with good GPAs and test scores- does it have enough tamale makers and guild leaders? Aim to fill the unique gaps only you can fill! Attending college isn’t just about attending classes, getting good grades, and moving on with a degree to show it. You’ll be part of a thriving campus culture, and UCF wants to know that you’ll be participating and enriching it. Beyond not focusing on things UCF already knows, always be sure that you’re presenting your best self. The people reading your essays are strangers, and may not get your sense of humor if you try to be tongue-in-cheek in this section. Be honest and thoughtful in a way that others will understand, especially because this essay will likely be their first impression of you. A good notebook isn't required for writing your UCF essays, but it sure does feel nice. What Are the UCF Common Application Essay Prompts? If you're applying to UCF using the Common Application, the requirements are a little different. The Common Application includes two additional questions that do not appear on the UCF application, which are flagged as optional. Still, there's no reasonnot to answer them- the wordcounts are short, they provide extra context for your application, and they're valuable questions for both you and UCF to reflect on. According to students who've applied to UCF, after finishing the Common Application, UCF will follow up with you with additional requirements, including responding to the additional essay prompts covered above. Though these essays are optional, it's still a good idea to answer them. Be sure that you don't answer the same prompt twice, as one of the Common Application prompts is almost the same as the one in the UCF application.You only have 250 words each, so be brief and clear rather than spending a lot of time painting a vivid picture. Why are you interested in UCF? As in the UCF application essay prompts, this question is asking why you want to attend UCF. Think beyond widely applicable answers like citing their reputation, campus, or weather- assume the admissions office already knows all that. Why UCF over any other good, beautiful, warm-weather school? What specifically draws you there? UCF wants to know that you're committed to attending not just as somebody who wants a good name on their diploma, but as somebody who's dedicated to UCF's mission and programs. Showing that UCF, not just their credibility or campus, matters to you is a great way to set yourself apart from other applicants. To do this, you need to get specific. Drill deep into what makes you want to attend UCF, and connect it to specifics. Campus visits are a great way to make these specific connections, but if you can't visit, you can also comb through the course catalog, club list, or mission statement. Show UCF that you don't just see yourself proudly holding a diploma with their seal- show them you see yourself learning, growing, and participating in campus culture along the way. Discuss your reasons for pursuing the academic program (major) selected above. Like the first question, this prompt wants to know more about you as an individual student. Think about what draws you to your major beyond prestige or salary. What should UCF know about you and your connection to your program beyond your GPA and extracurriculars? Questions like this show your dedication, which can be an important factor in admissions. Schools want to know that you're committed to your studies, and an essay that shows a deeper connection to your field is more likely to impress them. Take some time to craft a response that's insightful and honest- this essay will show UCF that you're truly passionate about what you study. You don't have a lot of space to answer this question- just 250 words- so be sure to focus on one specific thing rather than being comprehensive. Did trying and failing to grow strawberries lead you down the path to becoming a botanist? Did you decide to put your reputation for bossiness as a kid to work as a business major? Due to the short wordcount, you're going to want to be brief. Don't pick a topic that's too big, and stay away from using answers that other people might use. It's great if you want to be a doctor because you want to help people, but why a doctor as opposed to a social worker? Your essay should clearly demonstrate why the field you've chosen is the perfect one for you. Believe it or not, relaxation is part of a good essay. Key Tips for the UCF Essay No matter what school you’re applying to, there are some strategies you can always follow to be sure that you have a good, strong essay. Follow these steps as you’re writing your UCF essay and you’ll have a much easier time wrangling your thoughts and shaping them into something that’ll impress the admissions office! #1: Brainstorm It’d be nice if you could just sit down and write a perfect draft on your first try, but that’s not how most of us work. Instead, start with a little brainstorming. Set a five-minute timer and give yourself free rein to come up with as many possible answers to the prompts as possible, even if the answers are silly or weird or absolutely not in a million years going to work. Don’t worry about it! Get everything you can think of down on paper now so you’re not trying to herd your thoughts back into shape later on. #2: Write a Draft The benefit of getting all your ideas down on paper is that now you can pick and choose the ones that sound the best without getting midway through an essay before deciding the topic isn’t working for you. Cross out the choices that aren’t strong enough to support a whole essay, even one as short as UCF’s, to get those out of the way. Spend a little more time brainstorming some different points to hit on with the remaining topics and pick the one that feels strongest. Using your brief outline, flesh the topic out into a full essay. Don’t worry about getting it perfect the first time- that’s what editing is for! #3: Edit Editing is tough; it means re-reading your work and dealing with all the flaws that creep in. But editing is what separates the good essays from the bad. Take a day or so away from your essay before diving back in to read it with fresher eyes, and try not to get frustrated as you go. Read your work aloud to help you find sentences that are too long or lacking in punctuation. Cut out extra words- those â€Å"really†s and â€Å"very†s aren’t doing any work for you- and rephrase to get as much of the essay into passive voice as you can. Read it aloud again, give it another pass, and keep going until you feel like your work is in as good of shape as you can possibly get it. #4: Get Feedback Now that you’ve put in some time in editing, it’s time for the next scary step: showing your work to others. Choose a few people who you trust to give you honest, useful feedback- people who know what a good essay looks like, not just people who are going to tell you it’s great- and ask them to take a look at it. Leave them with a copy to make notes on so that you can refer to them later. When you read their feedback, don’t take it too hard. Everything they have to say is a suggestion, and it’s ultimately up to you whether you want to use it or not. Your essay should always, always, always be your work; don’t rephrase things exactly as a teacher or counselor suggests if it isn’t how you would say it. Besides, readers aren’t always right about the best way to fix errors. If the people reading your essay are confused about something, take that seriously! But don’t feel like their suggestion to fix it is inherently the best way, especially if it contradicts your meaning. It’s okay to disagree- it is your essay, after all. #5: Revise and Submit Take another break from your essay. Always try to edit with fresh eyes, if you can- trying to make changes when you’ve already spent a lot of time editing can either mean you miss mistakes or that you get so frustrated you give up. Spend some time away, working on an essay for a different school or doing something else entirely before you come back to it. Now that you’ve had a break, take all that feedback you received and use it to spin your essay into gold. Smooth out places where readers were confused, and clean up any lingering grammar errors. Read it for clarity and flow, and tidy everything up. When you’ve reached a point where you’re satisfied, take one last break. Give yourself a little time away from it, then read it one more time. Are you happy with it? Great! It’s time to submit! Send it off to UCF and anxiously wait for your acceptance letter to arrive. What’s Next? As you're applying to UCF, it's good to be aware of their admission requirements. This guide will walk you through the average GPA and test scores at UCF to help you maximize your chances of getting in! College essays should always be targeted to the school you're applying to, but there are some essay-writing strategies that work no matter what school you're applying to. If you're applying to college, it's a good idea to be aware of how to apply for financial aid.Make a plan and stick to it to ensure you get the maximum money available to you! Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

Desire to have Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Desire to have Children - Essay Example Finally, they decided to attempt in vitro fertilization. Mary Sue supplied nine eggs for the procedure, and her husband supplied sperm, which medical experts used to fertilize all the nine eggs in a laboratory. The medical personnel implanted two eggs in Mary Sue’s womb, but pregnancy did not result. The medical personnel froze the remaining seven fertilized eggs in order to preserve them for future use. Sometime later, the couple divorced, but they disagreed on who between them should claim the fertilized eggs and to what use they should be put. Mar Sue claimed ownership of the fertilized eggs and expressed the desire to have them implanted in her body. Junior opposed Mary Sue’s claim of ownership and intention to implant the eggs. Instead, he wanted them destroyed. Mary Sue filed a law suit in court regarding the case. The judge ruled in her favor and granted her temporary custody of the fertilized eggs, so as to avail Mary Sue the chance to achieve a normal pregnancy by having medical experts implant the eggs in her womb. The rationale of this decision was that human life begins at conception and, therefore, the fertilized eggs were persons who have the right to the provision of suitable conditions and support that would allow them to develop into normal human beings. The judge added that the final custody of the child, child support, and visitation would be decided by the same court if one of the eggs results in birth. II. Ethical Question to be Answered Was Judge W. Dale Young morally justified in regarding the fertilized eggs as persons that have a right to life and not as property? III. Proposed Answers to Ethical Question Judge Young’s decision was not morally justified because the frozen fertilized eggs were not naturally conceived and, therefore, this argument does not parallel the ones put forward by opponents of abortion. It is appropriate to regard the fertilized eggs as property because medical experts created them artificiall y and, therefore, are the creation of human beings. In addition, the fertilized eggs do not have a societal, moral responsibility and; thus, they cannot be regarded as persons. A person has a moral role to play in society, the fertilized eggs do not. IV. Objections to Proposed Answers and Responses to the Objections Objection (1): The conceptus is a living human being because the continuous process of growth and development of human beings begins at conception. Therefore, the frozen fertilized eggs should be regarded as conceptus since they came into existence as a result of conception. Whether conception takes place in a woman’s body or scientists induce it artificially in the laboratory, fact is it leads to the creation of a human life form, the zygote. Response (1): The conceptus does not have any of the functions of a human being and, therefore, cannot be bestowed with the same status as a human being living in the real world. Fertilized eggs are just a mass of cells whic h scientists or medical experts keep alive through artificial means, without whose assistance they will surely die. A zygote that medical experts create and preserve through an artificially regulated process is not a real form of human life. This is because it is not supported or sustained in any way by the life processes that manifest themselves through nature. The same way that a graft of skin cells obtained from a person represents a living part of that person, it cannot be regarded as a person because they lack any of the moral functions associated with a person. Objection (2): God imparts a soul onto human beings at conception and not at birth since birth is just a transition from the womb into the world. The life of the baby did not begin at birth, but it was alive from the moment of conception. Since every human

Social Media Effect On Teenagers Annotated Bibliography

Social Media Effect On Teenagers - Annotated Bibliography Example Why youth (heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. MacArthur Foundation series on digital learning–Youth, identity, and digital media volume, 119-142. Retrieved from http://sjudmc.net/lyons/civicmedia1/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/boyd-Why-teens-heart-social-media.pdf. This is a report documenting a comprehensive research on social networking peer-based sociality. The author evaluates the effects of social networking in relation to teenage identity and status. He also compares social networking interactions with face-to-face public life.Butler, M. G. I. (2010). Online social networking and the impact on well-being: implications for school counselors. Retrieved from http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-915/BUTLER-MASTERS-REPORT.pdf?sequence=1. This author reviews recent literature on online social networking and its psychological impact on teenagers. The article identifies and discusses cyber bullying a nd sexting as the greatest negative effects of online social networking on teenagers.Dinakar, K., Jones, B., Havasi, C., Lieberman, H., & Picard, R. (2012). Common sense reasoning for detection, prevention, and mitigation of cyber bullying. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems. Retrieved from http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/Bullying-TiiS.pdf. This article focuses on cyber bullying as a negative effect of social networking sites and its effect on healthy interpersonal relationships in teenagers.

B202A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

B202A - Essay Example Opportunities for career growth abound in the organization for employees to achieve self-actualization. Herzberg’s two-factor theory of motivation suggests that ‘motivators’ deal with aspects of work and include work, promotion, achievement, responsibility and recognition whereas ‘hygiene factors’ deal with the context in which the work is rendered and includes working conditions, interpersonal relations and supervision. Amongst Kellogg’s various initiatives to make the organization a good place to work and a desirable employer of choice, the company has a ‘Fit for Life’ program that enables employees to use fitness centers, get free health checks as well as annual fitness assessments. The company uses flexi-time, home working, part-time working, job sharing, career breaks, parental leave et al. as motivators. Herzbergs hygiene factors correspond to Maslows physiological, safety and social needs (basic pay, work conditions) whereas Herzbergs motivators corresponds to Maslows esteem and self-actualisation needs (recognition, growth, achievement). Employees are often cited as the most importance resource that an organization has. Motivated employees go that extra mile to ensure that their organization is ahead of competition. Having a motivated work force accords numerous benefits to an organization: Save Costs: Motivated employees are more involved in their work. They tend to go beyond the call of their duty, apply their minds and suggest product and/or process improvements for the organization. Any such innovative idea given by the motivated workforce has the potency to save massive amounts of money for the organization. Reduction in Employee Turnover: Employee turnover costs an organization dearly. In case the replacement is not found immediately, it may hamper the smooth functioning of the organization. In addition to the time and money

Referee report for paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Referee report for paper - Essay Example Each group occupied different geographical locations in the country. Autocratic form of government did not change even under president Jomo Kenyatta, but transitions came after the second president, who turned it into democratic government. However, during the autocratic form of government, ethnic favouritism was highly practice by political leader. This is supported by the data on road building, found across various districts in Kenya during the period of 1963 to 2011. The data indicates that across the 1963-2011 periods, the co ethic districts with the president received more roads expenditure as compared to non co-ethnic group. However, the new democratic government changed these kinds of biases and brought a lot of changes in the country that led to economic growth (Schwartzberg, 1987). This paper has clearly revealed the importance of democracy in Kenya, a country which is vulnerable to ethnic favouritism. It has defined the term ethnic favouritism and examined the effects it ha s on the country’s economy. According to the paper, ethnic favouritism has being used in most developing countries by political leaders. However, the way this paper has examined the efforts of reintroducing democracy in order to tackle ethnic favouritism, is quite interesting. It has also provided evidence to illustrate how ethnic favouritism is practiced in developing countries. ... For instance, according to ethnic data it is reported that Kikuyu consist of 18.8%, Luhya 12.7%, Kalenjin 10.8%, and Luo 13.4% (Anderson, 1999). During the pre colonial period, these ethnic groups did not exist because the authority at the time was personal and local. However, after independence new rules and leaders emerged and led to development of provincial administration. This administration divided the country into provinces, districts, divisions, sub locations, and locations. Ethnic homogenous districts, therefore, emerged in the course of the country’s evolution, leading to segregation and geographical targeting by various races to form ethnic groups. 2. Ethnic favouritism as a political strategy The paper reveals ethnic favouritism as the main strategy used by political leaders in many developing countries. Political leaders may use ethnic favouritism with the fear that without proper tactics in political games, they may lose their positions to other competing politic ians. They, therefore, believe that practicing ethnic favouritism increases strongholds that propel them to higher positions in the government (Anderson, 1999). However, since ethnic favouritism is a political game, I would expect the author to elaborate more on the issue. For instance, explaining how politician utilizes ethnic favouritism in weakening their political opponent through silencing their ethnic groups. This can be done through weakening or shutting down the electoral institutions. If a political leader practices ethnic favouritism then he or she is unaccountable and unrepresentative to his or her own people. This is because there are a few people who are favoured while others are being taxed, yet these leaders manage to remain in power for decades. It is possible for a president

Organizational Communication and Tourism Dissertation

Organizational Communication and Tourism - Dissertation Example 3.4 Tourism managers working in retail outlets with a physical location 9 3.5 Organisational communication and employees 12 3.6 Organisational communication and customers 14 3.7 Organisational communication and competitors 15 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY 17 CHAPTER 5: EVIDENCE 17 5.1 What evidence was used 17 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 17 CHAPTER 7: RECOMMENDATIONS 18 CHAPTER 8: REFLECTION REPORT 19 LIST OF REFERENCES: 19 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 20 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The aims and objectives of the dissertation The aims and objectives of the dissertation are to consider the processes of organisational communication in regard to its relevance with the operation of businesses within the tourism sector. To achieve this aim, the role of the tourism manager will be considered in depth, and there will be a discussion on how the concept of organisational communication has an impact on the role of the tourism manager, in terms of achieving commercial success. The roles of various other stakeholders such as employees and customers will also be focused upon, in considering this matter further. This dissertation aims to synthesise all of this material and communicate a view as to how the modern day tourism manager has been shaped by the recognised processes of organisational communication. 1.2 Background The challenges faced by the modern day tourism manager are numerous (Page S., 2003). The environment in which the modern day tourism manager operates demands professional and effective communication techniques (Page S., 2003), with many stakeholders such as colleagues, third party businesses, investors, competitors and others (Page S., 2003). Baker notes the shift from informal to more formal methods of communication for these sectors: "managers have traditionally... The aims and objectives of the dissertation are to consider the processes of organizational communication in regard to its relevance with the operation of businesses within the tourism sector. To achieve this aim, the role of the tour manager will be considered in depth, and there will be a discussion on how the concept of organizational communication has an impact on the role of the tourism manager, in terms of achieving commercial success. The roles of various other stakeholders such as employees and customers will also be focused upon, in considering this matter further. This dissertation aims to synthesize all of this material and communicate a view as to how the modern day tourism manager has been shaped by the recognized processes of organizational communication. The challenges faced by the modern day tourism manager are numerous (Page S., 2003). The environment in which the modern day tourism manager operates demands professional and effective communication techniques (Page S., 2003), with many stakeholders such as colleagues, third party businesses, investors, competitors and others (Page S., 2003). Baker notes the shift from informal to more formal methods of communication for these sectors: â€Å"†¦managers have traditionally spent the majority of their time communicating in one form or another (meetings, face-to-face discussions, memos, letters, e-mails, reports etc). Today, however, more and more employees find that an important part of their work is communication†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Baker K., 2002)

Confederate Government Conspiracy to Assassinate President Abraham Research Proposal

Confederate Government Conspiracy to Assassinate President Abraham Lincoln - Research Proposal Example To that end, the Confederate government conceived a plan to kidnap Abraham Lincoln in order to force the Union to free Confederate prisoners of war. While the kidnapping never came to fruition, questions remain as to whether the Confederate government was involved in Lincoln’s assassination.1 It is fairly evident that Davis and key members of his government had conceived of, and funded, some initiative aimed at striking the Union beyond the battlefield. The Confederacy established an espionage department in 1864, which conducted covert operations from its base in Canada, helping plan and carry out the raid on St. Albans, Vermont.2 Many claims have been made about the independent nature of the conspiracy that orchestrated the Lincoln assassination. Skeptics insist that such a conspiracy likely began as a kidnapping plot involving the Confederate secret service and prominent members of the Confederate government. My hypothesis is that an intricately planned conspiracy involving Confederate agents in the U.S. and Canada, which ended in the assassination of the president, was carried out with the knowledge and involvement of Confederate officials. It is possible that the assassination itself was simply an unplanned outcome of a kidnapping plot that had gone undetected by federal officials. Either Booth, secret service officers or the Confederate high command (or all three) at some point decided that the only remaining viable, practicable option was assassination. As Lincoln himself told journalist Noah Brooks in 1863, â€Å"I long ago made up my mind that if anybody wants to kill me, he will do it. If I wore a shirt of mail and kept myself surrounded by a bodyguard, it would be all the same. There are a thousand ways of getting at a man if it is desirable that he should be killed.†3 My research will address the origins of the kidnapping plan; the extent to which the Confederate government was responsible; and the exact nature of the decision to alter the plan from a kidnapping to assassination. III. Definition of Terms â€Å"Chaos Theory: The Tortuous Pursuit of Motive and Means in the Lincoln Assassination.† Key terms/headings in this proposal include: No direct evidence - Lack of clear evidence linking Richmond to the conspiracy The Booth factor – The likely influence of Booth in altering the original plan Of like mind – Federal authorities convinced Davis, other high officials guilty Scapegoats†¦and more questions – Hysteria obscures true motive, investigations Fact over fiction – Preponderance of practical evidence points to Richmond IV. Background The conspiracy’s original goal had been to kidnap Lincoln and carry him to a secure location. The conspirators pursued that goal with a specific outcome in mind: attack the Federal government at its source, free the prisoners of war and enable the Confederacy to fight on.4 In his summary argument in the conspiracy trial, government Ju dge Advocate John Bingham claimed that a paper found in Booth’s possession contained a secret cipher, used by Davis himself, to communicate with his agents5 Bingham asked, â€Å"Of what use was it to (Booth) if he was not in confederation with Davis?†6 Bingham went on to conclude that â€Å"my own conviction is that Jefferson Davis is as clearly proven guilty of this conspiracy as John Wilkes Booth, by whose hand

Organizational Communication and Tourism Dissertation

Organizational Communication and Tourism - Dissertation Example 3.4 Tourism managers working in retail outlets with a physical location 9 3.5 Organisational communication and employees 12 3.6 Organisational communication and customers 14 3.7 Organisational communication and competitors 15 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY 17 CHAPTER 5: EVIDENCE 17 5.1 What evidence was used 17 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 17 CHAPTER 7: RECOMMENDATIONS 18 CHAPTER 8: REFLECTION REPORT 19 LIST OF REFERENCES: 19 BIBLIOGRAPHY: 20 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The aims and objectives of the dissertation The aims and objectives of the dissertation are to consider the processes of organisational communication in regard to its relevance with the operation of businesses within the tourism sector. To achieve this aim, the role of the tourism manager will be considered in depth, and there will be a discussion on how the concept of organisational communication has an impact on the role of the tourism manager, in terms of achieving commercial success. The roles of various other stakeholders such as employees and customers will also be focused upon, in considering this matter further. This dissertation aims to synthesise all of this material and communicate a view as to how the modern day tourism manager has been shaped by the recognised processes of organisational communication. 1.2 Background The challenges faced by the modern day tourism manager are numerous (Page S., 2003). The environment in which the modern day tourism manager operates demands professional and effective communication techniques (Page S., 2003), with many stakeholders such as colleagues, third party businesses, investors, competitors and others (Page S., 2003). Baker notes the shift from informal to more formal methods of communication for these sectors: "managers have traditionally... The aims and objectives of the dissertation are to consider the processes of organizational communication in regard to its relevance with the operation of businesses within the tourism sector. To achieve this aim, the role of the tour manager will be considered in depth, and there will be a discussion on how the concept of organizational communication has an impact on the role of the tourism manager, in terms of achieving commercial success. The roles of various other stakeholders such as employees and customers will also be focused upon, in considering this matter further. This dissertation aims to synthesize all of this material and communicate a view as to how the modern day tourism manager has been shaped by the recognized processes of organizational communication. The challenges faced by the modern day tourism manager are numerous (Page S., 2003). The environment in which the modern day tourism manager operates demands professional and effective communication techniques (Page S., 2003), with many stakeholders such as colleagues, third party businesses, investors, competitors and others (Page S., 2003). Baker notes the shift from informal to more formal methods of communication for these sectors: â€Å"†¦managers have traditionally spent the majority of their time communicating in one form or another (meetings, face-to-face discussions, memos, letters, e-mails, reports etc). Today, however, more and more employees find that an important part of their work is communication†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Baker K., 2002)

The Journey by Anne Cameron Essay Example for Free

The Journey by Anne Cameron Essay Canadian writer Anne Cameron (1938- ) was born in Nanaimo, British Columbia, and raised in Vancouver. She started writing television and theatre scripts and then started publishing novels, including numerous childrens books, stories and poetry. She has published more than thirty books. Among the first novels which she published is â€Å"The Journey† (1982). The main story of this book is the life of two women in the 1800s, under a â€Å"western feminist† standpoint, crossing the Canadian frontier looking for their home. The central characters are Anne, a fourteen year old girl, and Sarah who is a prostitute. Both of them have had hard moments before their runaway; Anne was abused by her drunkard uncle and Sarah was humiliated by a killer sheriff and his group. After Anne escapes she teams up with Sarah and their trip together starts. The novel pictures their journey through the Canadian west, giving detailed information about the landscapes or characters feelings, with particular situations and contrasts like Chinese railroad workers cottages with amazing corridors of Belle’s brothel. They end in the Pacific Coast where they have to finally face with their own past, under optimistic view. The dissimilarity between the two characters is an interesting contrast; Anne was a pure innocent girl and Sarah a prostitute, a rather unusual duo. Cameron approaches the characters’ sexuality in a very particular way. Sarah has a gratifying relationship with a man and then she feels the same with a woman, introducing some doubt about whether she prefers women in general or Anne in particular. The author has said that she thinks of â€Å"pan-sexuality†, preferring not to wonder about a particular person sexual interest. Long before of â€Å"Thelma and Louise† or â€Å"Brokeback Mountain† films, this novel, in a different way, mix up these films topic; in a story about humanity and women in particular, who overcome life’s intricacy, giving significance for their special role in society.

Diseconomies of Scale, and the Law of Diminishing Return

Diseconomies of Scale, and the Law of Diminishing Return Compared to other markets, why do economists consider perfect competition to be the most efficient market structure? Perfect competition is the most efficient market structure because, in the long run, each firm in the market will be producing at its minimum average cost, or per-unit. This means that consumers get desired goods and services at the lowest possible prices, and also that the firms are economizing on societys scarce resources to the greatest extent possible. What is the difference between the concepts of diseconomies of scale, and the law of diminishing return? (4 marks) Law of diminishing return occurs in the short-run when one factor is fixed. If the variable factor of production is increased, there comes a point where it will become less productive and therefore there will eventually be a decreasing marginal and then average product. When long-run average total cost rises as output increases, there are said to be diseconomies of scale. a. Sally owns a ceiling fan company. Last year, she sold 1000 ceiling fans at $50 each, and each fan cost her $20. Before going into the ceiling fan business, she worked as a fan-dancer at $25,000 a year. She used her own money to buy the fans by withdrawing the money from her savings account where it was earning five percent annual interest. Calculate Sallys economic profit and her accounting profit. Should Sally continue with her ceiling fan business? Explain. (6 marks) If her economic profit is at least zero, Sally should stay in business. Her TR = $50,000 and her total accounting cost is $20,000, for an accounting profit of $30,000. She forgoes interest on savings of $20,000 (.05) = $1,000 as well as forgone earnings of $25,000. This leaves $4,000 in economic profit, so she should stay in business. Bob Edwards owns a bagel shop. Bob hires an economist who assesses the shape of the bagel shops average total cost (ATC) curve as a function of the number of bagels produced. The results indicate a U-shaped average total cost curve. Bobs economist explains that ATC is U-shaped for two reasons. The first reason is the existence of diminishing marginal product, which causes it to rise. What is the second reason? Explain your answer. Assume that the marginal cost curve is linear. (4 marks) Average fixed cost always declines as output rises because fixed cost is being spread over a larger number of units, thus causing the average total cost curve to fall. a. Provide two circumstances in which monopoly may offer efficiency advantages over competition. (4 marks) A monopolist might be better positioned to exploit economies of scale leasing to an equilibrium which gives a higher output and a lower price than under competitive conditions. As firms are able to earn abnormal profits in the long run there may be a faster rate of technological development that will reduce costs and produce better quality products for consumers. This is because the monopolist will invest profits into research and development to promote dynamic efficiency. Explain the practice of tying and discuss why it is controversial. (5 marks) Tying is the practice of bundling goods for sale. It is controversial because it is perceived as a tool for expanding the market power of firms by forcing consumers to purchase additional products. However, economists are skeptical that a buyers willingness to pay increases just because to products are bundled together. In other words, simply bundling two products together doesnt necessarily add any value. It is more accurately believed to be a form of price discrimination. Describe the source of tension between cooperation and self-interest in a market characterized by oligopoly. Use an example of an actual cartel arrangement to demonstrate why this tension creates instability in cartels. (5 marks) The source of the tension exists because total profits are maximized when oligopolists cooperate on price and quantity by operating as a monopolist. However, individual profits can be gained by individuals cheating on their cooperative agreement. This is why cooperative agreements among members of a cartel are inherently unstable. a. If the average total cost curve is falling, what is necessarily true of the marginal cost curve? If the average total cost curve is rising, what is necessarily true of the marginal cost curve? (5 marks) When average total cost curve is falling it is necessarily above the marginal cost curve. If the average total cost curve is rising, it is necessarily below the marginal cost curve. Describe the difference between average revenue and marginal revenue. Why are both of these revenue measures important to a profit-maximizing firm? (5 marks) Average revenue is total revenue divided by the amount of output. Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue from the sale of each additional unit of output. Marginal revenue is used to determine the profit-maximizing level of production and average revenue is used to help determine the level of profits. Describe the process by which the market for capital and the market for land reach equilibrium. As part of your description, elaborate on the role of the stock of the resource versus the flow of services from the resource. (6 marks) Equilibrium in the markets for land and capital are governed by the value of marginal product for these factors relative to their supply. One difference between these markets and the market for labor is the distinction between rental value (flow) and purchase price (stock). This difference is reconciled by noting that in efficient markets, the purchase price should reflect the value of the stream of services provided by the land or capital (or the sum of rental values appropriately discounted). a. List and explain two conditions necessary for firms to be able to successfully practice price discrimination. (2 marks) Differences in price elasticity of demand between markets: There must be a different price elasticity of demand from each group of consumers. The firm is then able to charge a higher price to the group with a more price inelastic demand and a relatively lower price to the group with a more elastic demand. By adopting such a strategy, the firm can increase its total revenue and profits. To profit maximize, the firm will seek to set marginal revenue = to marginal cost in each separate (segmented) market. Barriers to prevent consumers switching from one supplier to another: The firm must be able to prevent market seepage or consumer switching defined as a process whereby consumers who have purchased a good or service at a lower price are able to re-sell it to those consumers who would have normally paid the expensive price. This can be done in a number of ways, and is probably easier to achieve with the provision of a unique service such as a haircut rather than with the exchange of tangible goods. Seepage might be prevented by selling a product to consumers at unique and different points in time for example with the use of time specific airline tickets that cannot be resold under any circumstances. Explain how each of the following industries practices price discrimination: (6 marks) restaurant Restaurants sometimes have childrens menus. It can be profitable if adults who come to restaurants with children are, on the average, more sensitive to prices on menus than adults who come to restaurants without children. Children often do not value restaurant food and service, and often waste a large part of their food. Parents know this and do not want to pay a lot for their childs meal. If restaurants treat children like adults, the restaurants may lose customers as families switch to fast-food restaurants. If this explanation is correct, then restaurants price discriminate. airline Airlines charge different prices for seats on the same plane, depending on when the ticket was purchased, how long the traveler will be staying at the destination, etc. Of course, the cost of operating the plane is independent of these variables. Hairdresser A hairdresser may charge a lower price to children than to adults. The reason they do this is that they believe children to have a differing elasticity of demand to adults. In other words, the price needed to maximize revenue from children is not the same as the price needed to maximize revenue from adults. By charging different prices they will maximize revenue from both groups Calculate the total revenue without price discrimination as well as with price discrimination, and complete the table with your calculations. (4 marks) Price Qd TR TR (with perfect price discrimination) 30 0 22 10 220 220 14 16 224 304 10 24 240 464 7 38 266 562 Briefly describe the characteristics of each of the following market types. Give an example of each market type. (8 marks) pure competition The goods being offered for sale must all be the same. The buyers and sellers must be so numerous that no single buyer or seller influences the market price. Buyers and sellers are price takers. An example would be the wheat market. Monopoly A monopoly is a market in which there is only one seller and the seller sets the price of the product, given the demand curve for that product. An example would be a local cable television company. Oligopoly An oligopoly is a market in which there are only a few sellers, and the sellers do not always compete aggressively. An example would be airline routes. monopolistic competition Monopolistic competition is a market containing many sellers offering slightly different products. Because the products are not the same, sellers have some ability to set price. An example would be the software industry. Use the graph below to explain why a profit-maximizing monopolistically competitive firm must operate at excess capacity. Why is a perfectly competitive firm not subject to the same constraint? (6 marks) Competitive firms do not face downward-sloping demand. The graph shows the firm choosing a level of production in which the intersection of marginal revenue and marginal cost occurs at an output level where average total cost is decreasing. This profit-maximizing output level is less than the efficient scale (minimum of average total cost) and therefore the firm is said to be operating at excess capacity. If the monopolist depicted in the graph below sets a price of $10 and sells 100 units, the corresponding marginal revenue is $5 and marginal cost $3. What recommendation regarding price and quantity would you give this monopolist? Explain your answer. (6 marks) Since MR exceeds MC, recommend an increase in output. Greater sales will require a price reduction. So reduce P below $10 and increase Q above 100. The marketing division of a firm has measured demand for its product and reports that it is Q = 24 P, where Q is units and P is price per unit in dollars. The cost is given in the table below. Complete the table and determine the profit-maximizing level of output for this firm. (6 marks) As indicated in the table below, the optimal output is Q = 5, where MR = MC = 5.80. Output Total Cost Price Revenue Profit 0 10 24 0 -10 1 18 22 22 4 2 20 20 40 20 3 22 18 54 32 4 25 16 64 30 5 29 14 70 41 6 34 12 72 38 7 40 10 70 30 8 48 8 64 16 Define the following terms and explain their importance to the study of economics. (9 marks) barriers to entry Barriers to entry make it difficult or impossible for other firms to enter an industry, thus allowing monopoly to continue to exist. Some examples of barriers include legal restriction on entry, patents, control of scarce resources, large sunk costs, technical superiority, and economies of scale. Patent A patent is a government-granted legal monopoly given to the inventor of a new product or process. During the life of the patent, the firm has a protected monopoly position. Thus, it serves as a barrier to entry. natural monopoly A natural monopoly is an industry in which advantages of large-scale production make it possible for a single firm to produce the entire output of the market at lower average cost than a number of firms each producing a smaller quantity. Most natural monopolies are regulated utilities.

William Blakes Songs of Innocence Essay -- essays research papers

William Blake's Songs of Innocence, â€Å"The Shepherd,† â€Å"The Echoing Green,† The Little Black Boy,† â€Å"The Blossom,† and â€Å"Laughing Song.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Blake wrote many poems during his lifetime. He had a set of poems called The Songs of Innocence and also a set called The songs of Experience. This paper is focusing on five poems from the Songs of Innocence, which are: â€Å"The Shepherd,† â€Å"The Echoing Green,† The Little Black Boy,† â€Å"The Blossom,† and â€Å"Laughing Song.† â€Å"The Shepherd† is a very short two stanza poem in which Blake tells about a shepherd who stays with his flock morning and night praising them. The second stanza consists of the shepherd hearing the lamb’s innocent call and the ewe’s soft reply. The shepherd watches the lambs in peace and they know that he is not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Echoing Green† is longer than â€Å"The Shepherd.† It is a three stanza poem with an AABBCC rhyme scheme. It is about a field or park where there are birds flying and bells ringing. There are young people playing sports, while the old people are sitting under a tree talking about what they used to do on the echoing green in their youth. They stay until the little ones are weary and can no longer be merry. Then the sun goes down and the sports have to end. The sisters and brothers sit on their mothers laps and rest. No more sports are seen on the darkening green. â€Å"The Little Black Boy† is a seven stanza poem with an ABABCDCD rhyme scheme. It is about a ...

Smuggling Of Nuclear Material Essay -- essays research papers

Smuggling of Nuclear Material Over the past five years the former states of the Soviet Union haven't been able to prevent the leakage of nuclear material. Nuclear materials and technologies are more accessible now than at any other time in history, due to the breakup of the Soviet Union and the worsening of economic conditions. No longer does the Soviet KGB, the Soviet military and the Soviet border guards have the control to stop the smuggling of nuclear material's. With the Cold War being over, there is a huge stockpile of over 100 nuclear sites (See Appendix A). Russia, alone has an inventory of 1,300 tons of highly enriched uranium (HEU), and 165 tons of weapon usable plutonium. Such material is coming into high demand on the market. Terrorist, organized crime and countries with nuclear ambition, are high bid contenders for the material. The United States is also becoming involved for the safety of preventing a nuclear disaster. The U.S. has just begun their large task and with Russia's worsening economy, smuggling of nuclear material will continue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Cold War the security of Soviet nuclear weapons and missile materials was based on a highly centralized military system and operating within a strong political authority. The workers back then where well disciplined and each individual new his/her role. The workers were among the best treated and loyal to the Russian military. They are now suffering hardships and are forced to scavenge anything to pay for their food, rent and social services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A new trend is already occurring with some of the workers . There are those that will seek employment out of the nuclear field and in the commercial sector, where salaries are higher. Then the unfortunate who lose their jobs and find no work. The scarier thought is that the uncontempt people in Russia's nuclear complex with access to nuclear materials will sell themselves, to make a quick buck. Most suppliers of nuclear material, were insiders who had worked or were then working at nuclear research institutes or naval bases. Most perpetrators had no customers in hand but new that a quick profit existed (See Appendix B).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first confirmed case involving the diversion of HEU occurred at the Luch Scientific Production Association in Podolsk. Between May and September of... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  The smuggling of nuclear material out of Russia has become proratable to the low income worker as well as to the benefit of terrorist, organism crime and nuclear research centers. There exist no security at most of the nuclear facilities and so apprehending the material is quit easy. More cases of unsuccessful attempts are becoming known to the media, but any successful attempts the government, both Russia and the U.S have decline to answer. If left unchecked it may even escalate to the complex level of drug smuggling. Work Cited List   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas B. Cochran, Robert S. Norriss, Making the Russian Bomb: From Stalin to Yelsin, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Deutch,  ³The Threat of Nuclear Diversion Statement for Record, ² CIA, March 20, 1996.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alexei Lebedev, in  ³Russian Weapons Plutonium Storage Termed Unsafe by Minatom Official, ² Nucleonics Week, April 28, 1994.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weclliam C. Potter,  ³Arms Control Today, ² Monterey Institute of Internation Studies, October 1995. Paul Woessner,  ³Nuclear Material Trafficking: An Interim Assessment,  ³ Bridgeway

Ethics, Fairness, and Trust in Negotiations Essay

Discuss two of the following statements then respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings. Try to respond to students who picked different statements. * Discuss how skills in ethics, fairness, and trust can be a part of the negotiation process even though some negotiation tactics challenge those values. * Identify the Five Bases for Trust and explain why they are important in the negotiation process. Describe Kant’s Ethics of Principle and Mill’s Ethics of Consequences philosophies and discuss which theory you would be more incline to use in a negotiating situation. Kant’s and Mill’s philosophies are a means to identify ethical means to guide parties to a successful negotiation. They are two separate school of thoughts in ethics. Kant believes that moral rightness should overcome and minimize self-interest, feelings, or empirical fact. Kant’s moral principle is based on pure reason. He states that basic ethical principles aren’t â€Å"empirical† (from sense experience). Ethics gives necessary truths that hold for all rational beings. In other words feelings whether personal, rational or irrational or sentimental should not be involved in ethical reasoning. He believes that ethics based on reason is needed more than self-interest motivation because such motivation can lead to violation of duty. Such motives lessen our moral worth; the highest motive is to do our duty, not from ulterior motives, but just because it’s the right thing to do. Kant supreme moral principle is to act as if your action would become a universal law and to treat yourself and others as an end it itself not the means to an end (Gensler, 1998). On the other side, Mill’s philosophy is based on pure utilitarianism (self-interest). Utilitarianism says that the basic moral principle is that we should to do whatever promotes the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Mill equated happiness with pleasure. But not all pleasures have equal value; higher pleasures of the mind are better than lower pleasures of the body. Mill’s view is purely hedonistic in nature. The basic idea of his philosophy is that any intrinsic value is based on pleasure which equals  to happiness and we should all strive for it. There are however different values of pleasures in his view. The highest pleasures are more valuable than lower ones. For example, the pleasures of learning things and of helping others are more valuable than the pleasures of eating and drinking. We can decide which pleasures are more valuable by looking to the consensus of experienced observers. Utilitarianism says that actions are right if they promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. This is the basic principle of ethics of Mill’s philosophy, and the foundation of morality. In applying the principle, the happiness of everyone is equal. We should all strive for our own individual happiness. So, as a group, we try to obtain the happiness of all in the group and this is the basic foundation of the utilitarian principle (Gensler, 1998). The two individual principles are equality attractive in the negotiation process and I can see the benefits of both of them. However, I believe that Kant had the right idea. If we are using either idea as a guide in the negotiation it is best to go for a more moralistic point of view than utilitarianism. I believe when we only think of self interests we lose sight of the true objective and purpose of the negotiation. Source Gensler, H.J. (1998). Ethics: A Contemporary Introduction. London and New York: Routledge. Retrieve online at http://www.jcu.edu/philosophy/gensler/index.htm. Discuss the Functionalist Model, Mutual Trust Principle, and the test for meeting procedural fairness of a negotiation. The Functionalist Model is about procedural fairness in a negotiation. The model refers to the bargaining as a voluntary process and the purpose is to reach an agreement. Also, the concept of the model refers to behaviors that threaten reaching an agreement are also threats to the purpose of the negotiation. In this the negotiation process is adversarial and bargaining tricks and tactics are used to gain information and advantages (Carrell, 2008). The Mutual Trust Principle refers to the procedural fairness in trust building in a negotiation. The idea is to build trust early in the beginning of the negation process. In other word to treat others as you would want to be treated. Your actions speak louder than word has a lasting effect on how you are perceived and how you perceived others. The appropriate behaviors in this principle to build trust is exhibits the same trust worthy attitude when you are gathering information about the other party by asking friends, associates, and contacts. It is appropriate and expected that you would make an unrealistically opening demand and hide your real position. It would be appropriate and expected behavior that you give an open impression of non-adversarial and confrontational. The misrepresentation of facts and lying in a negotiation are inappropriate behaviors. To falsely threaten or promise things with no ability to deliver and use confidential information by bribery is unfair and inappropriate (Carrell, 2008). The test for meeting procedural fairness of a negotiation is to ask yourself the following standard questions: * Reciprocity standard—would you want to be treated in this way? * Universality standard—would you advise others to behave this way? * Publicity standard—would you like to see the actions in the press? * Trusted friend standard—would you tell your friend of your actions? * Legacy standard—do you want to be remembered for acting in this way? Source Carrell, M.R. & Heavrin, C. (2008). Negotiating essentials: Theory, skills, and practices. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN-10: 978-0-13-186866-3

Junking the Junk Food Essay

In this article the author is trying to show us how our country has become very unhealthy nation. Warner believes that to end the obesity in the country the government needs to be involved. They should make healthy food more appealing while making the junk food less appealing. There are a lot of people whom are worrying and trying to change the way majority of American people eat. Because almost 40% of American people are fat, and that because the way they eat. Lot of politicians are trying to send their message to the public and trying to make them realize that fast food is bad for them and eating healthy is good. Personally I don’t think that government can force somebody to change the way they eat. The only way or the only solution is changing our culture, because most of the people think eating burgers and fries everyday is normal, that’s their culture. But the day that we change that thinking and the day that we start thinking that eating healthy (fruits, vegetable s) everyday is a normal, than we are going to have a different culture, and totally different America. 400 – Warner identifies how politician Sarah Palin recently made an appearance in Bucks County, Pennsylvania with cookies to pass out to the kids of the local schools and how unnecessary the act was. Criticizing Palin’s actions, Warner continues on her point of how children are not deprived of these â€Å"treats† that some believe to be needed and how these foods and lack of nutrition need to be changed not encouraged. 401- Warner also mentions here how Glenn Beck mocked the governmentand led to government health inspectors shutting down a7-year olds lemonade stand. Government can’t regulate what the American people eatand don’t eat. Because there are lot of educated people and know the consequences of eating too much fatty foods. She also refers to Michelle Obama’s campaign to fight childhood obesity. She wants to change our culture educating peoples to eat fruits and vegetables instead of french fries and burgers. 402- Warner explains how government is trying to regulate the amount of junk food that we eat. She is trying to compare current events and historical events to explain how the eating habits in our country have changed over the years. An example is â€Å"the food rationing programs of World War 2† She also offers some solutions to the problem of obesity in the country. One of these solutions is that we should make fatting foods look bad, like we made cigarettes look bad. People will have a hard time changing their eating habits when junk food is portrayed as delicious and they don’t directly receive negative side effects 403- The only way or the only solution is changing our culture, because most of the people think eating burgers and fries everyday is normal, that’s their culture. But the day that we change that thinking and the day that we start thinking that eating healthy (fruits, vegetables) everyday is a normal, than we are going to have a different culture, and totally different America. 404- She also mention if we stop putting the cigarette like a s exy and cool product instead of putting something really bad that can damage our lungs and cause a horrible disease like a lung cancer can stop people smoking.