Lack of technology at my work

The term technology is a concept that deals with the knowledge and usage of tools and crafts and how its ability to control and adjust to the environment is affected. Technology also refers to material object that are useful to human nature. They include machines, hardware or utensils amongst other things, at times; it encompasses systems, organizational methods, and techniques. The term can also be generally applied or to specifically applied to specific areas: medical technology, computer technology or construction technology. It has made it easy for people to research on the internet both academic and general information. Different people have done researches and are still doing and making it available to the net. This therefore means that for works of any company to improve their performance and compete favorably with others, they need enough equipment in their offices so that they can acquaint themselves with knowledge. Lack of or not enough of these equipments will lead to the incompetence of the workers hence low productivity.   (Borgmann, 2006) Thomas Friedman in his book the world is flat tries to look at technology and its effect on Globalization. To him its technology that has made the world to become a small village. Technology started when man realized the need to make his work easier. In the attempt to make hunting easier, man invented the weapon from the stones; there was also the invention of fire. These discovery helped increase the availability of food and the wheel invention assisted humans in traveling and environmental control. This was due to the need to improve the livelihood of the man. As the time moved by and with the increase of population, there also arose the need for man to supplement his food. He was to move from hunting and gathering and start cultivating some crops. This cultivation was to be done with the aid of tool hence technology. However, the recent development in various fields like printing press internet and telephone have has greatly made it easier to communicate. It has made human beings to interact as they share ideas on a global scale as Friedman puts it. In a local setting, information flow in the country moves very first to the citizens with the help of mass media. People now can access any information via the internet and also through their mobile phones. This is as a result of technology. The convergence of media has done a great improvement and raised the standards of living. Doctor nowadays can monitor the patient from far using different communicative devices connected to the patient. Operation in the theatres by medical doctors is now easily done with the use of computers. (Thomas 2005) Technology however is made to make the work more efficient and time saving. For any substantial development at any industry, technology becomes a major driving issue. This is because the workers need to get the necessary support as they do the work. Having enough computers in the office for instance makes it easy for the worker to perform their duties effectively hence the productivity will go high as everybody will be doing his or her best. Lack of the same hinders some or rather reduces performance as more time will be on none constructive issue as they wait for the few to be shared. However, as we embrace technology, we have to look at both the positive and negative effectives. This is to say that it has had some negative impact to the society and its surroundings in a several ways. In the places where we have industries, there is pollution of the environment hence affecting people’s health. According to the report of June 2000, on the effect of mobile phone, it says that mobile phones are good devices to use but their side effects are immense. For instance, there develops ear cancer if overused and can even cause importance to men when exposed to private parts for a long time because of the radiations they emit. (Borgmann, 2006) Technology also has got negative impact on the social values. It is because is the accessibility  Ã‚   to different cultural orientations across the world. This complexity whereby some are constructive while others are destructive might be harmful especially to young ones. The issue of pornography for instance is now an issue at hand. How can it be stopped, remains the big issue with technology? Is it at the uploading side or at the down loading side? The mode of dressing too is borrowed from the same internet which is a product of technology. Young people tent to borrow some dressing mode that do not conform to the norms and values of the society. This always brings about conflict with parents and other members of the society. In a nutshell, in any growing world, technology and development go hand in hand. It is easy and time saving. Workers therefore should be provided with enough and efficient equipment for them to be able to operate with easy. This will ensure maximum production. However as we embrace this technology, we should very careful with type of equipment that are being bought. Some of them might be outdated and instead of helping, they cause more harm than good. Others might be expansive digging deep into the company’s pocket yet its performance is not felt. (Borgmann, 2006) All in all technology is part and parcel of every day life and can not be avoided but be made available for the people use it   for good not evil.   (Bormann, 2006) Reference Borgmann, A. (2006): Technology as a Cultural Force: For Alena and Griffin; The Canadian Journal of Sociology 31 (3): 351-360. Heinzelin, J. (1999): Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Stiegler, Bernar

Blaxicans and Other Reinvented Americans Essay

In â€Å"Blaxicans† and Other Reinvented Americans,† Richard Rodriguez points out that America has become a place that is fully populated by immigrants from around the world. He asserts that there is no way to assign race names to citizens because everyone can be multiple races. According to Rodriguez, Americans create labels (e. g. Hispanic) in a ridiculous attempt to classify people in the simplest form; a plan doomed to fail. Rodriguez continues by describing his idea of â€Å"ethnicity,† which is ultimately based on the way people act and the things they value. The article describes the way in which all races are intertwined within the country, and within the world. The idea of â€Å"diversity† is also mentioned in the article when discussing the topic of interracial marriages. Rodriguez goes on to describe the false â€Å"Hispanic† category much of this country has fallen into. Ultimately, Rodriguez explains that â€Å"Hispanic† is a term used only in America for colonization purposes. Hispanic is a false idea because upon going to Latin America, one would encounter black Hispanics, white Hispanics, etc. and that is factual. By 2003, Hispanics became the largest minority in the world (whatever that means). Rodriguez goes on to share his views on assimilation: â€Å"ASSIMILATION HAPPENS. † Assimilation is the act of people of different backgrounds viewing themselves as a part of a larger national family. This article acknowledges the vast array of racial possibilities within the world. Rodriguez ends the article by saying he, a man of Mexican descent, is Chinese because he enjoys Chinese culture, and that is how ethnicity should be decided. Vocabulary * incomprehensibly: adv: inarticulately (aimlessly, franticly, confusedly) * mythic: adj: make-believe (storied, imaginary, folkloric) * rind: n: covering (epicarp, hull, husk) * aforementioned: adj: previous; come before (precedent, former, prior) * demythologizing: v: reinterpret a subject or text * mulatto: n: a person of mixed white and black ancestry Rhetorical Strategies * Anecdote: â€Å"On his interview show, Bill Moyers once asked me how I thought of myself. As an American? Or Hispanic? I answered that I am Chinese, and that is because I live in a Chinese city and because I want to be Chinese. † (paragraph 19) * Paradox: â€Å"I come to you as Chinese. Unless you understand that I am Chinese, then you have not understood anything I have said. † (paragraph 25) * Imagery: â€Å"My eye has taken on that palette, has come to prefer lime green and rose reds and all the inventions o this Chinese Mediterranean. † (paragraph 19).

Is the World Flat?

Globalization is a big issue in our modern day. What is globalization? Has globalization passed its peak? Is the world flat or spiky? There are several very vocal proponents of an argument that the world has become flat in recent years. However, there are some writers have the opposite opinion. This paper introduces both sides of the debate and presents the arguments for and against the idea that the world has become flat in recent years. The term â€Å"globalization† today refers to the shift in the world economy. It is moving towards a more integrated and interdependent world economy (H. C. W, p. 8). Globalization makes people, countries and markets closer. The world is flat; this view is supported by some people, but the most prominent being Thomas L. Friedman. â€Å"It’s a Flat World, After All† is a journal by Friedman which was published in 2005. In this article, Friedman argues the world is â€Å"flat† as a result of globalization; it is also a product of a convergence of personal computer and fiber-optic micro cable and software. Globalization has leveled the playing fields between different countries. This is what he called Globalization 3. 0 (started around 2000) which quite different from the earlier 2. 0 and 1. 0 versions (Thomas L. Friedman, 2005). To support the â€Å"flat world†, Friedman identities ten flattening factors that he sees as leveling the global playing field. Thomas Friedman taught us that the world is flat, but is the world really flat? Richard Florida has scorned his arguments. Florida, says that the world is actually spiky. In â€Å"The World is Spiky†, published in The Atlantic Monthly in 2005, Florida argues that economic power, innovation, and creative talent is actually only clustered in a few cities and regions, so these areas are growing higher while other areas languish (Richard Florida, 2005) Florida uses a series of maps to prove his argument. He shows where the world’s population centres are and where many of the world’s patents are issued and where the most scientists are located. Florida mentions the share of the world’s population living in urban areas is over 50% world wide now compared to just 3% in 1800. Some big cities, such as New York, Los Angeles, Toronto, Vancouver, Tokyo, Shanghai, around the globe are towers of patent filings, population, and science, but some cities are not. So the ability to innovate and create is only centred among few places in the world (Richard Florida, 2005). Pankaj Ghemawat, is another writer scorns the argument for the world has become flat. He argued more than ninety percent of the world's phone calls, Web traffic, and investments are still domestic (Ghemawat, 2007). Ghemawat also suggests that Friedman’s assertions are exaggerated visions. He points out that Friedman has grossly exaggerated the significance of the trends he describes: â€Å"Despite talk of a new, wired world where information, ideas, money, and people can move around the planet faster than ever before, just a fraction of what we consider globalization actually exists (Ghemawat, 2007) The issue of if the world has become flat in recent years has divided opinion in two different sides. Proponents of an argument that the world has become flat, like Friedman, believes people are getting closer and all competitors have an equal opportunity. The opposite side, such as Florida and Ghemawat, says otherwise. They think there are peaks and valleys. The peaks are getting stronger and more connected to each other. Word Count: 613 words Bibliography Article Florida, R. 2005, ‘The world is spiky,' Atlantic Monthly (October), pp. 8-51. Friedman, T. L. 2005, ‘It’s a flat world, after all', The New York Times Magazine, April 3, pp. 33-37. Ghemawat, P. 2007, ‘Why the world isn't flat,' Foreign Policy (March-April), pp. 54-60. Hill, C and Cronk, T and Wickramasekera, R. ‘Global Business Today’, pp. 8 Internet ‘The World is Not Flat – It's Spiky’, February 26, 2006, from: http://remoteaccess. typepad. com/remote_access/2006/0 2/the_world_is_no. html ‘Is the World Flat †¦ or Spiky? ’ From: http://insidework. net/resources/articles/is-world-flat-or-spiky

Discussion 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Discussion 4 - Assignment Example Ms. Murphy, a young African American woman, visits Westcoast Medical Center complaining of persistent headache and after tests the clinician ascertains she has hypertension. She takes the patient through the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options for hypertension highlighting the evidence supporting the effectiveness of each until they identify the one that works best for Ms. Murphy (Speros, 2005). Ms. Murphy walks into a nearby hospital with a complaint of an unceasing headache. The clinician quickly prescribes strong painkillers to Ms. Murphy which she takes and goes home (Kienle & Kiene, 2011). Ms. Murphy visits a hospital far from her home and a clinician listens to her complaint and inspects her for different signs. The clinician engages the data she collects and is able to identify that Ms. Murphy has hypertension. She considers different treatment options each of which is supported by three controlled studies of its effectiveness and picks one that she thinks would work for Ms. Murphy (Ratanasiripong & Chai, 2013). A clinician at Blueline Medical center notes Ms. Murphy’s health complaints and checks her for extra symptoms and she concludes that it is a hypertension case. The clinician aptly searches for relevant information on different treatment options, shares it with Ms. Murphy and leaves her to choose one (Speros, 2005). As an African American woman, Ms. Murphy might be from a cultural setting where females seldom do physical exercise due to a preservative culture. She might not agree to invasive surgical procedures due to her religious values (Kienle & Kiene, 2011). Clinical judgment in evidence-based practice would help prescribe the intervention that she would afford and one that would not clash with her

Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Advertisement - Essay Example It is hence no surprise that some advertisements have chosen to depict none other than the master artist himself, Leonardo Da Vinci. The advertisement for the movies Da Vinci Code was one of many advertisements that have opted to select the professional and captivating works of the artist to sell their products. The advertisement uses his painting, the Vitruvian Man. This painting was chosen because it contains a precise and intriguing image style and composition which sketched his impressions of things with realism and precision. The painting is noted as providing the earliest reference to the importance of vortices in fluid motion. This was a factor taken into consideration when selecting the painting to be used for the advertisement. The advertisement is structured in such a way that it links your cognition to the actual paint is original aspects to amplify and emphasize the color and design. To enhance authenticity, a wooden mid-century palette is shown to be used in the design of the painting. This is similar to palettes used by most artists at the time of Leonardo. There is a blend of colors used to smooth out the transition of appearance and structure. Brown and crimson are the main colors used to deliver this fascinating visual appearance which triggers visual appeal from the target consumers. The design characteristics of the advertisement are quite complex. This is because they center on one of the most dynamic paintings by the master artist. The design offers complexity in structure since it is based on a painting made in a renaissance-era where determining ratio and proportion was an extremely important activity because there was no standard monetary unit or standard system of weights and measures. Text is used to further effect the advertisement by fading it in and out relative to the positioning of the image itself. The text fades in at the start and end of the advertisement in accordance to the various proportions of the Vitruvian man.

First group Bus Travel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

First group Bus Travel - Research Paper Example Use of private transportation modes leads to air pollution, traffic congestion and poor health condition of the riders due to lack of exercise. If the final goal is to reduce carbon footprint and improve the overall quality of environment and living standards, then it is very important to reduce the use of private transportation (Nillson and KÃ ¼ller, 2000). Various researchers suggest that certain behavior is exhibited by individuals because of others’ attitude towards that particular behavior and perceived norms. Assumptions suggest that behavioral pattern of using personal vehicle is discretionary in nature and can be influenced by providing the right information. With appropriate information, individuals are likely to make sustainable choices and decisions. There is evidence that signifies that willingness of people towards preferring private/public transportation mode is affected by their own assumptions as well as that of others. Certain behaviors such as choice of tran sport mode, do get influenced by altruistic attitude; that is, people can use their personal vehicle lesser if they perceive that to have a good impact on their future generation, community, and environment (The Psychologist, 2012). According to authors, people are aware of the harmful impact of excessive use of a personal vehicle on health and environment. Yet, they hardly act on it. Statistics suggest that on an average, people spend around 230 hours in a car and as little as 70 hours walking every year.

Muslim Sunni Mosque Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Muslim Sunni Mosque - Essay Example I had been told by my Sunni acquaintances that this was the oldest and the grandest Muslim Sunni Mosque in California. It had been built in 1984 through a trust fund which a Saudi Arabian woman had set up in 1977 for this specific purpose. When visiting her children who were studying in LA, she discovered that there was no mosque in the area, where Sunnis could pray and congregate. Therefore, she decided to donate the money required to establish a mosque which would act as a place of prayer, a center for religious instruction and advise and a social and cultural community center for Sunnis. As I approached the mosque, one of the very first things which struck me was its grandness. Surrounded by iron gates and located in the center of a rather large piece of land, the mosque was quite imposing. Nevertheless, it did not attract my attention because it was, in any way, different from Shia architecture or more impressive than Shia mosques but because this was LA. Upon entering the mosque, I felt a sense of familiarity, meaning that I felt that I was entering a Muslim place of worship and not a Sunni one which was foreign to me as a Shi'ite. As it was just half an hour before the call for the Friday noon prayers, most of the Muslims were in the washrooms performing the ritual cleansing, woodu. Here I noticed a difference.

Malleus Maleficarum forum 12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Malleus Maleficarum forum 12 - Essay Example The male chauvinistic society maligned women they considered influential. In the prosecution of witches, the society prosecuted a number of innocent women owing to their beliefs and attempts to defend such beliefs. In the 17th century, a number of women were drawn to witchcraft since the practice gained them some authority. The most common argument was that the evil spirit seduced women. The spirits of witchcraft and sorcery would always seek sexual gratification from women and would therefore entice the women into accepting them by peddling a number of pleasantries. Additionally, Women craved authority and influence at the time. The practice provided a degree of authority and was often beneficial since it offered ways of overcoming some common challenges such as health complications. However, the society limited the liberties for women. As such, some women married male witches thereby inheriting the practice from their old husbands. The practice of witchery thus became a major attraction since it made the women sources of authority; women became both powerful and invincible in the

ERM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

ERM - Essay Example Innovation in the public sector context: In public sector context, innovation is defined as application of new ideas to produce improved outcomes. It is creating and implementing products, services or methods of delivery to improve the efficiency, the effectiveness and the quality of outcomes (Hargadon, Andrew 2003). Generally the public sector is considered as a passive receiver of innovation taking place in the private sector by the private companies, but the public institutions do innovate as well. Innovation takes place across government’s public sector entities these include policy development, different approaches for using technology, program delivery, also organizational innovation to provide new services. Every public servant should realize and appreciate the importance and diversity of innovation, and find such ways to achieve it that minimizes its risks (Mulgan & Albury 2003). Different forms and dimensions of innovation: Innovation theories show that it can take ma ny forms as some will be transformational, representing s a substantial departure from the past. Others include organizational improvements or emergent technologies. Innovation can be triggered within a sector/institution or by external influences. Different types of innovation in the public sector include the following streams. Firstly shaping policy directions; here the public sector role is to provide consultancy to government’s decision making related to policies and programs by providing objective and reasoned advices. Second type is implementation of policies and programs that is by delivering services to the country’s community efficiently and effectively. Lastly there are administrative innovations that introduce new internal processes and practices aimed at improving productivity and reducing costs (Paul Cunningham). Benefits of Innovation: There are many diverse benefits of innovation. Innovation is crucial for the enhancement of economic performance, welfare of the society, and for the stability of the environment, these benefits of innovation are widely recognized. Innovation can also drive new directions and enable better performance. It can improve an organization’s or a sector’s (public or private) efficiency as innovation would provide not only higher quality but also more timely services to citizens. It will also reduce business transaction costs. One of the major benefits of innovation is that it provides new methods of operation, and it is only innovation that helps moving from the present to future (Reilly 2013). Two Basic Drivers for Innovation: One of the main drivers for innovation specifically in public sector includes new and changing government as well as community expectations, to meet these expectations the public sector needs to innovate. The other driver for innovation in the public sector is the need for coordinated approaches, this is when there are discrepancies in the current approaches and are not sufficient for the new changing system, hence innovation is to come up with new approaches and refined processes that can fulfill the requirements (Boden & Miles 2000). Private and public sector innovation: Both the private and public sector innovation have some differences, commonalities, and synergies. Some aspects of public sector inn

Why the world should explore alternate sources of energy Research Paper - 1

Why the world should explore alternate sources of energy - Research Paper Example ny single source of energy, such as, petroleum products or gasoline for long, the time is not far away when we will become short of these sources of energy. In this paper, we will discuss why the world should explore alternative energy sources. â€Å"A surge in the price of crude is threatening global growth for the first time in decades and spurring a desperate surge in interest in energy alternatives† (Valdmanis). The world is really in need of alternate sources of energy to meet industrial and daily requirements of life. A single or a couple of sources of energy cannot serve us for a long time. We can take example of whale oil, which was being used in the early 19th century not only as lubricants but also as fuel for the lamps. At that time, no one thought that the whale stock would ever face shortage. However, by the mid of 19th century, whale stock became very short and the world had to shift to some other source of energy to meet different requirements. Similarly, nuclear energy is also at the door of risk. People used to think that nuclear energy is one of such forms of energy, which can serve the electricity needs of Japanese people for a very long time. However, what happened to the nuclear plants of Japan due to tsunami is not hidden to anyone. Japan had to close many of its nuclear plants because the damage to the nuclear reactors resulted in discharging harmful radiation. That was the time, when Japanese government stopped producing most of its electricity using nuclear plants and started exploring alternate sources of energy to meet the requirements of life. Today, most of the developed countries are taking steps to explore renewable energy sources to cope with the expected scarcity of oil and gas. Sterzinger states, â€Å"There is a growing recognition that achieving security and climate stability will require a massive development of renewable energy projects† (16: 81-91,198). Renewable energy refers to continuous and natural energy sources such as

Case Study #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study #4 - Essay Example Against this background, the major problem sought to be addressed by the case study is that of trying to assist both Mike and Dorothy on the best way they can adopt in order to be better positioned to cope with the disease. The other issue being addressed is that of trying to find out possible means of helping Mike to prevent the disease, foster independence as well improving the quality of life. It can also be noted that emphasis is put on the notion that this kind of ailment is not equivalent to mental disorder or madness but just something that can be associated with old age where one can manage to treat it or live with it without major repercussions. This can be treated as a normal development in elderly people where they can get proper medication to overcome this ailment and lead a normal life once again. In some cases, elderly people tend to lose track of events which can be a normal thing given that the brain, just like any other part of the body reaches a point of getting tired as result of age thereby cannot continue to function perfectly compared to the young and energetic adult people. The major concepts presented in the text include the issue of forgetfulness which can either be attributed to Alzheimer disease. Schaie & Willis (2002) suggest that the condition of forgetfulness of the mind can be attributed to old age and this is seen as a normal development in the life of the human beings as they rich older ages. Thomas (1996) also concurs that research has shown that about 25 million adults have what he calls Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Some do not know it but in case of the adult people, it can ruin their relationships because of their forgetfulness, inability to be on time and in some cases leaving unfinished projects. In the case of Mike, it can be noted that he is beginning to forget even week days as well as the names of

Film Theory Outline Essay Example for Free

Film Theory Outline Essay From the very beginning of film, theorists have tried to dissect or understand the nature of the new medium of art. As a result various theories of film have emerged, such as feminist, auteur, psychoanalytical, Marxist, Editing and Structuralist. This essay attempts to give an outline of these various theories. One of the first theories to emerge is Editing theory, coming from the context of early Russian cinema. A key event in this regard is the experiment carried out by the film-maker Lev Kuleshov in 1918, in which he demonstrated that what the viewer perceives depends on how images are juxtaposed with each other through inter-cutting. See more: essay apa format Thus, when a human close-up is juxtaposed with a bowl of soup, the perception is of hunger, but when juxtaposed with a shot of a coffin the same close-up is perceived to express grief. Kuleshov concluded that juxtaposition was crucial towards the effect, and thus advocated the use montage in film-making. Other film-makers like Sergei Eisenstein played close attention to these findings, and made use of them in his masterpieces of montage, such as Battleship Potemkin and October. He also spelled out a comprehensive film theory based on editing in a highly influential essay from the late twenties. In it he outlined he various categories of editing, such as metric, rhythmic, tonal, overtonal, and intellectual. For example, with intellectual montage a scene may be inter-cut with something immediately unrelated, but which nevertheless works as metaphor is a more profound sense. The above came to constitute soviet montage theory, which was in contrast to the Hollywood system of continuity editing. Montage is a very visible component of film, whereas continuity editing aims to make inter-cutting invisible, so that the viewer may concentrate on the flow of the narrative in an easy way. Since the fifties a parallel theory of editing has emerged in the West which embodies the Hollywood ethos. In the same essay Eisenstein proposed a Hegelian interpretation of film montage, and which came to form the basis of Marxist film theory. He suggested that montage worked by the principle of the Hegelian dialectic, where thesis is said to beget antithesis, and are resolved in the end through synthesis. For example, when human close up is inter-cut with a glass of water, the viewer interprets this as thirst. If the face is the subject, then its antithesis is the object of vision, i. e. the glass of water. ‘Thirst’ is merely the synthesis of the two. It is present in neither of the two shots in consideration, yet emerges form the inter-cutting of the two. Of course, it was through the Hegelian dialectic that Marx had derived his famous concept of the proletariat revolution, and Marxism was the avowed principle of the Bolshevists. Therefore, it is not surprising that Eisenstein’s theories found a favorable audience in the Soviet Union. Indeed, it was instrumental in forming of Socialist realism, which became the state sponsored ideology in art. Marxist film theory soon found itself as defined in opposition to capitalistic and bourgeoisie art, in which the narrative of the protagonist finds prominence. Eisenstein’s films attempt to obliterate the presence of the protagonist, concentrating instead on the clash of images towards creating a larger ideological narrative. Even then he was accused by the authorities for not championing the workers, and for indulging in the internal mechanics of film, which was deemed to be a kind of formalism. Marxist theory held that the purpose of art is to overcome all ‘forms’ towards dialectical purification. Formalism was felt to be a bourgeoisie component. Marxist theory, as it has flourished both in the East and the West, concerns itself with dissecting films in order discredit bourgeoisie forms, usually those emerging from the Hollywood system. A native western theory of film was late in developing, and a crucial starting point was the theories developed by Andre Bazin, as editor of the French film magazine Cahiers du cinema. Up to that point films were seen as merely commercial vehicles, and Hollywood had evolved into a mighty and well groomed machine that churned films for the pleasure of the masses. Analyzing these films Bazin came to the conclusion that it was the director who left the most characteristic stamp, and as illustration he held up the work of directors like Alfred Hitchcock and Howard Hawks. He advocated that directors infuse their personal vision into the films under their charge, in order that they become the complete authors, which is the ideal state. This came to be known as the Auteur theory of film, which was given a more formal presentation by Francois Truffaut. Directors were described as using the camera as a pen towards composing their films. Another significant idea of Bazin’s was that film should aim for â€Å"objective reality†. This was in opposition to prevalent theory based on montage, which said that object of film is to manipulate reality. This instrumental approach led to the formulation of Structuralist film theory, which examines the structure of the components of film as they come together meaningfully. Instead of the dialectical approach of Eisenstein, the analysis takes into account conventional devices that have come to acquire meaning. The components that come into play are camera angle, lighting, juxtaposition, shot duration, cultural context etc. Meaning is usually accounted for by convention, and conventions change according to social and economic circumstances. For example, the highly commercial nature of Hollywood films has created the Institutional Mode of Representation, in which cinematic devices are used that make film viewing easy and exciting. For this reason it incorporates the established ideology with little departure from the norm. Other interpretations overlook the mechanics of production and instead considered the viewer as the focus of study. Psychoanalytic film theory offers such an interpretation. It is largely influenced by the views of the French philosopher Jacques Lacan regarding the child’s ‘mirror stage of development’. According to this theory the developing child endeavors to see a reflection of itself in all the objects it encounters. Psychoanalytic film theory replicates this situation with the viewer of film. The viewer is always looking for self-identification in the process of watching a film, and in this sense uses the medium as a mirror. It is usually the male protagonist who provides the focus of this identification, and functions as a conduit by which the desires of the viewer are played out. The film is said to have constructed a ‘gaze’ for the benefit of the viewer. Sometimes the gaze is simply the viewpoint of the protagonist; at other times, in the more graphic sequences, the viewer is allowed to gaze directly. Psychoanalytic theory is careful to point out that such identification is merely illusion, and therefore it differs from the identification of the child growing up, whose identifications come to form tangible character. Feminist film theory takes psychoanalytical theory a step further, in that it interprets the gaze as scopophilia, or ‘the desire to observe in secret’, which is also known as voyeurism. Such desire is sexual in origin, and feminist theory is framed in the context of the man wanted to gaze at the woman. Such a theory provides a ready explanation of the objectification of woman in film, a phenomena that has been noticed from the very beginnings of the medium. As in psychoanalytical theory, the male protagonist provides the focus of identification, but his specific desire is to objectify the women in the film, a desire which is vicariously shared by the viewer. There are three levels of objectification. First there is the camera’s point of view, then that of the protagonist, and finally that of the viewer himself, who is allowed to gaze at the women directly. Critics of this theory point out that the female viewer is not taken into account, for women also go to see the same films, and they enjoy them too. However Laura Mulvey has given convincing arguments to explain female enjoyment. She says that it is either through a masochistic identification, or a transsexual one. In the first the female takes secret pleasure in male domination. In the second, the female identifies with the male protagonist, and thus shares in the pleasure that men take. However, she is also continuously slipping back into her female identity, which is said to be a mask that she wears. Identification with the male pushes her uncomfortably close to the image of the subjected women, and the masquerade allows her to maintain a distance from it. Feminist film theory is a harsh criticism of the norms of cinema, which is also blamed on the patriarchal norms of society. The advocacy is to make films that overcome the norms, and therefore to make films that are free from female objectification.

The Berjaya Beach Resort Tioman Island Marketing Essay

The Berjaya Beach Resort Tioman Island Marketing Essay 1. Introduction The Berjaya Beach Resort Tioman Island in Malaysia is located on the Tioman Island with international standards. The resort is located of the East Coast of Peninsula Malaysia and is spread across 200 acres. This individual paper work will assess the marketing strategies that Berjaya Resort adapted and a structured recommendation on how the resort hotel can improve their performance 2. Porters 5 Force Analysis Porters model determines the competitiveness of an organization using the five different forces and shows how the forces are related. To develop business strategies effectively, organizations must understand and act in response to those forces. (Porter, 1985) Rivalry Among Existing Competitors Competitive rivalry analysis is one of the key areas that business must consider to determine business strategy that firm must adopt and implement continuously over time (Wood, 1994); (Porter, 1985). The hotel business now days are very much competitive. With millions of tourist travels every year, luxurious hotel is the first choice for most tourists. Having numerous competitors in market (e.g. Jampala Resort) the competition between players are intense (Burgess, 1982). For example, foreign tourists are said to having higher buying powers thus will seek for high end luxuries. That works behind the reason why companies constantly compete for better products and attractive prices. In order to be leader is luxurious market, Berjaya Tioman Resort has to offer unique offers (E.g golf course, selection of cuisine) (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). This force is in favor of Berjaya Tioman Resort. Threat of New Entrants Threat of new entrants may consider the ease of new entry, competitive advantages, place and positions, customers, government support etc (Porter, 1985). To open a new luxurious hotel by another firm in Tioman would be quite wasy since there are not much restrictions imposed by local governments. Local government, however chooses to advise the existing hotels to improve their business rather than consider letting bring new competitors. Besides, consumer now days doesnt seek much luxurious hotel; instead they would prefer budget hotel. Thus new entry to comfy hotel business is therefore deep (Nailon, 1982). This force is not in favor of Berjaya Tioman Resort. Threat of Substitute Product and Services This force is said to have much influence in Berjaya Tioman Resort business strategy in recent years. There force includes factors such as product for product substation, need, facilities, budget etc (Reuland, Choudry, and Fagel, 1985);(Porter, 1985). Berjaya Tioman Resort not only requires looking after new entrants as threat but also substituted product and service as a major threat. When there is matter of hospitality, its consumers choice what they chose to take. For example, A lavishness spa may cost few hundreds of Ringgit which may be proven cheapest for similar kind in other dedicated spa shops. For one night stopper, back packers and Berjaya Tioman Resort doesnt have any special prices which usually find their way in budget hotel. This force is against Berjaya Tioman Resort (Burgess, 1982); (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). Bargaining Power of Buyers This force consists of high income, large service provider, low switching cost etc (Porter, 1985). Before economic recession, consumers were having high incomes and seek more luxuries. As there are choices available in the market, Berjaya Tioman Resort has to react very quickly to retain customer intention to be their choice of providing world class hospitality in possible lowest price (Lewis, 1988). Consumers will definitely seek most affordable having all facilities they required and so, hospitality firms have to struggle of adopts the new trends, lifestyle as quickly as possible to offer their loyal customers (Slattery, 1983). However, as there are not much luxurious hotels in Tioman, travelers only limited option is this beach resort. This force is in favor of Berjaya Tioman Resort. Bargaining power of suppliers This force may include switching cost, high purchase cost etc (Porter, 1985). Raw material suppliers play an important role in firms business growth (Tideman, 1983). A foodstuff supplier may not offer todays price tomorrow due of supply shortage (Middleton, 1983). Thus to offer catering to guest, Berjaya Tioman Resort has to purchase the same stuffs in higher prices which will be sum of large amounts of money (Burgess, 1982). If this extra money is to be imposed on guests, this would result Berjaya Tioman Resort loosing business. Besides, switching to another supplier would be a difficult choice too (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988). This force is not in favor of Berjaya Tioman Resort (Khan and Olsen, 1988); (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). From the above analysis of Berjaya Tioman Resorts 5 forces analysis, the diagram below will provide a summary of the firms overall industry analysis. 3. Micro and Macro Environment Strategy Analysis 3.1 Micro Environment Strategy (TOWS Matrix) Strength-Opportunities Strategies Berjaya Tioman Resort hotels have a good reputation in hospitality business and a large amount of customer chain. Introducing low cost packages for travelers will means a true hospitality to the existing customer as well as for new customers (Slattery, 1983). Berjaya Tioman Resorts wide range of services may be available to people of all income level (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988). Strength-Threat Strategies Retain the talented and well managed employees for a smoother business in future could be proven vital (Pfeifer, 1983). Berjaya Tioman Resort should ways perform task variation, and frequent conversation will all employees to prevent dispute. Employee may be shifted to international chains to gain experience so that they would be loyal to the firm (Burgess, 1982). Weakness-Opportunity Strategies High hospitality in low price is definitely a go ahead step Berjaya Tioman Resort could adopt to overcome its weakness (King, 1995). Now that, market is been volatile, Berjaya Tioman Resort may consider leaving high scale profit to high range of customer levels to make its facilities open to all customers (Pfeifer, 1983). For example, golf course facility should be opened to all hotel guests not only for guest who additionally buy the facility. Berjaya Tioman Resort may not loose much amount of money but it would be proven a customer oriented approach (Jones, 1996). Weakness-Threats Strategies Poor customer service (and poor communication problem) has been shouted long as major drawbacks for Berjaya Tioman Resort hotels. Sometimes customer has been given something that is not asking for and has been charged for that said services (Middleton, 1983). Price structure very often is not described to customer before offering thus it brings confusion. In hotel customer services is very crucial to maintain in very high level at always and customer must get the price focus than anything else (Lewis, 1988); (Reuland, Choudry, and Fagel, 1985). 3.2 Macro Environment Strategy (PESTE Analysis) A PESTE Analysis is an analysis of external macro-environmental factor that affects firms business. PESTE is an acronym for Political, Economic, Social, Technological and Environmental issues that influences the strategic development of a business. These issues are different in different locations and thus business firms may adopt different strategies in different countries where it operates to identify the business opportunities as well as threats. This assessment task would consider the worldwide strategy of Berjaya Tioman Resort (King, 1995). Political Political factors include government rules, regulations and legal issues under which the firm must operate and adhere (Nailon, 1982);(Wood, 1994). The issues discussed are environmental regulation and protection, political stability, corporate and consumer taxation, framework for contract enforcement, intellectual property protection, trade regulations, trading partners, anti-trust laws, pricing, mandatory employee benefits, industrial safety regulations, product labeling requirements, competition regulation etc (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988). The political movement can have definite effects on hotel business in Malaysia. For example, if government set a rules under 18 years patrons must be accompanied with parents or guardians, it may result the decrease of young visitors. Imposing high goods and service tax (GST) or similar taxes would prevent more people to visit the hotel more often. By loosing these potential customers, Berjaya Tioman Resort may loose income and may need increase products and services to recover losses. Though Berjaya Tioman Resort groups are committed to use high scale safety standards, Malaysian government rules may not give permission to operate business due to safety reason (like hill, low lying areas) even though there may have choice if business growth (Middleton, 1983). If the government plans to subsidies some of the service it provides (e.g. for disabled or senior citizens), the hotel may gain profits as well as increase services. Thus political actions may have both negative and positive im pact on hotel business (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988); (Berjaya Tioman Resort Worldwide, 2009). Economic Economic factors positively effects hospitality business. It determines how easy or difficult to sustain in a business along with capital, cost, demand, monetary policy, unemployment rates, exchange rates of foreign currencies, tax on exchanges (Wood, 1994). When economic growth is high, consumers income level raises thus demand for hospitality will increase too. Since the recent economic recession started, hospitality business was hit badly and it is yet to recover from the losses incurred. Increase of rates would prevent hotelier to seek for alternative choices (e.g. budget hotel or even home stay). In Malaysia, hotel accommodation prices are not much higher than any other countries around the world. Nevertheless, consumers income level didnt rise up much and they fell the stringent budget allocation for daily needs. Very few people will consider spending holidays in luxurious hotels if they dont afford to. A higher income or wages will allow domestic traveler to get high class hos pitality in high class hotels (King, 1995). Social Social factors are income level, demographics, geographies, life style, education, weather, culture and fashions (Wood, 1994). Social factors can be both opportunities and threats for a hospitality business (Lewis, 1988). Different age or sex of people would require different services (Slattery, 1983). Elderly people demand is not similar to young people. Business people will seek to have more work related facilities (e.g. internet, video conference) while holiday makers would seek more natural touch (e.g. garden, fishing) (Burgess, 1982). Cultural differences are a major play in hospitality business. While local people like crowd and gossip, tourist would seek for quiet and silent place as they plan holiday. Season is also an important factor (Middleton, 1983). Year end and holiday season are peak time for hotel business while therere not much crowd during working days or off-peak season. Most travelers are affected by bad weather and usually dont think for leisure during extreme either condition especially in rainy season (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988); (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). Technological This is the century of technology enhancement; so does business. Aggressive development of technological factors brought rapid growth for hotel business (Slattery, 1983). The factors may include spend on technological research; government effort focus industry based technology, new invention and their impacts, communication alternatives, speed of technology transfer, cost of usage, rate of technological diffusion (King, 1995). Berjaya Tioman Resorts business will mostly depend on technological factors. Customers from around the world is now able to evaluate the products and services provided by Berjaya Tioman Resort through the respective websites, compare prices, seek advice and even can reserve a facility as early as one year prior to arrival. Berjaya Tioman Resort group itself placed much effort to keep the website simple and user friendly so that visitor will not feel difficulty to find any available information. Any latest service or products can reach to millions of customers through the website or communications (Reuland, Choudry, and Fagel, 1985). Providing details of every facility Berjaya Tioman Resort placed itself to the top choice of any search engines. Traveler from any part of the world can communicate in real time with Berjaya Tioman Resort representative and made their choices, payments etc (Burgess, 1982). Besides, for in-hotel customer, Berjaya Tioman Resort offers state-of-the art high speed wireless, video communications, and teleconferencing, to keep guests always in touch with outside world. These services received a bug thumbs up since it was introduced and continuously keep enhancing technology to stay ahead in business (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988). Environmental Environmental factors have been considered important factors for large organizations which particularly operated worldwide (Wood, 1994). This factor includes environmental responsibility, improvement of performance towards sustainable future, guest and team commitment to environments, reuse and recycle materials etc (Khan and Olsen, 1988). As of present days, Berjaya Tioman Resort promised to reduce energy consumption, CO2 emissions and waste output by 20% and water consumption by 10%. These steps ahead will place the firm in lead position and will increase reputation by means (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). 4. Recommendation (SMART Objectives) SMART objectives refer to an acronym for five measures of well marketing growth plan. Often these measures are used to define firms objectives and future goals and evaluation of marketing plan. Specific (What to do? For who? With whom) Any marketing strategy should be specific and certain. Confusion on goals will bring ambiguous results which may prove fatal for a hospitality business like Berjaya Tioman Resorts. Well specified business goals, responsible resources, affected peoples, impact on the firms business should be well defined in this stage (Burgess, 1982). Measurable (Is measurable? How to measure?) Of course, once the marketing plan and objectives are specified, a certain quantity or quality must be assigned to determine the success or failure of the process (Pfeifer, 1983). As an example, for future expansion, Berjaya Tioman Resort plans to expand 50 campaigns in next years. 50 is a measurable amount. So then, if the actual success rate is only 30 campaigns, it can be said that, the plan didnt succeed fully (Khan and Olsen, 1988). Achievable (Can it be done within the resource available?) Future marketing depends upon many aspects specially political, economical and social aspects. If a sudden change on policies, 50 campaigns may not be possible within the said budget. Re- calculation might predict a lower scale of marketing size (Jones, 1996); (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). Relevant (Does this step lead to expected outcome?) Once achievable measurement are defined, Berjaya Tioman Resort must consider whether 50 campaigns would be viable; specially consider the recent economic downturn. In some places, consumer may not afford to get Berjaya Tioman Resorts service; especially poor developed areas where tourism sectors are not blooming, offering a luxury hotel service may not provide desired output (Edgar and Umbreit, 1988); (Berjaya Tioman, 2009). Time-Framed (How much time need to get the objectives done?) Time is a very important factor for any objectives to be proven very profitable or even failure. Timely decision and timely implementation is the crucial mixture of time-frame (Pfeifer, 1983). For any marketing strategy, Berjaya Tioman Resort must choose the right time to go ahead and put a hold when the time is not right (Taylor and Edgar, 1996). When demand competition is high, Berjaya Tioman Resort may offer lower price for customers which may includes unique packages for a limited time (Khan and Olsen, 1988). References Burgess, J. (1982), Perspectives on gift exchange and hospitable behavior, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 1 No.1, pp.49-57. Edgar, R., Umbreit, W. (1988), Hospitality research: re-assessing our strategy, The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 29 No.2, pp.51-6. Berjaya Tioman (2009), Berjaya Tioman, last accessed on 28th December 2009, available at http://www.berjayahotel.com/tioman/index.asp Jones, P. (1996), The hospitality industry, in Jones, P. (Eds), Introduction to Hospitality Operations, Cassell, London, pp.1-20. Khan, M., Olsen, M. (1988), An overview of research in hospitality education, The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 29 No.2, pp.54-5. King, C. A. (1995), What is hospitality?, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 14 No.3/4, pp.219-34. Lewis, R. (1988), Uses and abuses of hospitality research, The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 29 No.3, pp.11-12. Middleton, V.T. (1983), Marketing in the hospitality industry, in Cassee, E.H., Reuland, R. (Eds),The Management of Hospitality, Pergamon, Oxford, pp.51-68.. Nailon, P. (1982), Theory in hospitality management, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 1 No.3, pp.135-43. Pfeifer, Y. (1983), Small business management, in Cassee, E.H., Reuland, R. (Eds),The Management of Hospitality, Pergamon, Oxford, pp.189-202. Porter, M E. (1985) Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, New York: The Free Press. Reuland, R., Choudry, J., Fagel, A. (1985), Research in the field of hospitality, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 4 No.4, pp.141-6. Slattery, P. (1983), Social scientific methodology and hospitality management, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 2 No.1, pp.9-14. Taylor, S., Edgar, D. (1996), Hospitality research: the emperors new clothes?, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 15 No.3, pp.211-27. Tideman, M. C. (1983), External influences on the hospitality industry, in Cassee, E.H., Reuland, R. (Eds),The Management of Hospitality, Pergamon, Oxford, pp.1-24. Wood, R. C. (1994), Some theoretical perspectives on hospitality, in Seaton, A.L. (Eds),Tourism: The State of the Art, John Wiley Sons Ltd, Chichester, pp.737-42.

Islamic Concept Of Charity And Social Security Religion Essay

Islamic Concept Of Charity And Social Security Religion Essay This paper deals with the Islamic concept of charity and the formation of moral economy. Charity in Islam has different forms (zakat, sadqah and donation). It forms the social security system for the vulnerable class. It purifies the legally earned money and determines the close connection of the worship of the God. The crux of the charity is to form a moral economy which regulates the behaviour of Muslims in economic and social affairs. The moral economy is based on the fairness, sense of responsibility and purity in worship welfare and social security of the people. 1. Introduction The contemporary debate of the charity has been long in the literature (Melvin 2009, Ferrari and Khan 2010, Shirazi 1996, Scott 1987 and Waldron 1986). Specifically, the religious zeal and zest revolves around the notion of charity (Iwobi 2009). Islamic concept of charity is not exception for that debate of social welfare and the security (Scott 1987). It emphasizes on the moral values and the contribution to the neglected segment o f the society. However, Islamic concept of charity and social security has never been debated in the light of the moral economy. This paper is intended to give a comparative view about the different notions of the Islamic charity (zakat, sadqah and donation). The concept of charity, in general, is not new because every religion of the world preached that charity. However, the focus of this paper is to highlight the forms of charity in Islam, their differences and their impact on the multiculturalism and the formation of the moral economy. The definition of charity in Islamic tradition differs and it is context specific. However, its aim and goals remain the same. The Quran states: And be steadfast in your prayer and pay charity; whatever good you send forth for your future, you shall find it with Allah, for Allah is well aware of what you do (Al-Quran: Al-Baqara 2:110). Similarly, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: No wealth (of a servant of Allah) is decreased because of charity (Al-Tirmidhi, Hadith No. 2247). Charity is the fifth pillar of Islam and its reward will be given in the after world. The charity is not reciprocity for this world, but the world after. The Quran declare the five basic concept of the zakat. These concepts included: infaq (spending benevolently), ihsan (kindness), zakah (purification), sadqah (charitable deed) and khayrat (good deeds). However, Islam does not force anyone to give charity. It is obligatory in the form of zakat and voluntary in the shape of sadqah (charity) and donation. 2. Basic concepts of charity in Islam Islamic charity has three basic concepts: zakat, sadaqah and donation. 2.1 Zakat (alms giving) The zakat (Ø ²Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½) is extracted from the word zaka to be pure that denotes purification. The Quran highlights to the purification of wealth and states: Of their wealth take alms to purify and sanctify them (Al-Quran, Al-Tawbah 9:103). The zakat is obligation on a Muslim. It is moral duty of a Muslim to pay zakat at the rate of 2.5% per year. A Muslim cannot deny the zakat. The Quran lists recipients of Zakat: Zakat is for the poor and the needy and those who are employed to administer and collect it, and for those whose hearts are to be won over, and for the freeing of human beings from bondage, and for those who are overburdened with debts and for every struggle in Gods cause, and for the wayfarers: this is a duty ordained by God, and God is the All-Knowing, the Wise. (Al-Quran 9:60). The zakat is given individually to the relatives, neighbors and vulnerable communities. It is also administered collectively: Muslim charity organization, some of the Muslim states regulates the departments which are responsible of the charity (for instance Ministry of Religious Affairs, Zakat and Ushr in Pakistan) and Muslim associations. Nevertheless, zakat is mandatory to every Muslim (who can pay), but it is willful to pay individually or collectively. 2.2 Sadaqah (charity) The word sadaqah (Ø µÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ©Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½) is derived from the Arabic root sadaqah which means to be truthful and hence sadaqah implies engaging in any virtuous and moral act in order to earn happiness of God. The sadaqah has certain principals which a Muslim must follow. One, sadaqah is given in the name of God. Second, the money or the donation should be from the legal sources. Islam discourages the illegitimate (stolen or unethically gained) money or resources. Third, surplus money (beyond the need of a person) is the money of God and Muslims are custodian of it. Therefore, they should spend and return the money to the needy, poor and spend on the ways of God. The Quran outlines the charity: Those who (in charity) spend of their goods by night and by day, in secret and in public, have their reward with their Lord: on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. (Al-Quran, Al-Baqarah 2:274). The Quran further highlights: And spend something (in charity) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you, before Death should come to any of you and he should say, O my Lord! Why didst Thou not give me respite for a little while? I should then have given (largely) in charity, and I should have been one of the doers of good. But to no soul will Allah grant respite when the time appointed (for it) has come; and Allah is well acquainted with (all) that ye do. (Al-Quran, Al-Munafiqun 63: 10-11). Further, the Quran states: And they feed, for the love of Allah, the indigent, the orphan, and the captive. We feed you for the sake of Allah alone: no reward do we desire from you, nor thanks. (Al-Quran, Al Insà ¢n 76:8-9). In another statement, the Quran states: For those who give in Charity, men and women, and loan to Allah a Beautiful Loan, it shall be increased manifold (to their credit), and they shall have (besides) a liberal reward (Al-Quran, Al Hadà ®d 57:18). Sadaqah is important for a number of purposes. It reduces the sins and increases the virtue of a Muslim. It compensates for shortcoming in any negligence in the payment of zakat. For instance, if a person forgets to pay zakat in the past or was guilty to pay the zakat, the sadaqah reduces the burden of the past. Sadaqah give a sense of protection not only the giver but also to the receiver of falling victim of disaster. God pleasure is received through the sadaqah. It is pleasure of the giver of the charity. The person feels happiness and fulfills his/ her obligation to the betterment of the humanity. Model of Islamic Charity Sadqah and donation: Volunteer charity No specification of rate or time Depends upon the capacity of an individual capacity Zakat: Obligatory charity Wealth: (income, earnings and savings) at the rate of 2.5% per anum Agriculture product: Crops (around 10%). Islamic Tresury (Fund): Bait-ul-Mal Spending: Needy, poor (orphans, widows), employees to administer and collect zakat, for those whose hearts are to be won over, captive (prisoners), in debts and scholars, and for the wayfarers. Social Security: Marginalized persons, communities Fig 1.1 Fig 1.1 indicates that Islamic notion of charity is mainly based on the zakat, sadaqah and donation. These donations are collected at the Islamic funds. The fund is used to look after the marginalized community. This welfare is a form of social security. Everything related to the Islamic charity is based on the moral economy. The notion of moral economy is main crux of the charity. 2.3 Donation Third term which is often used is the donation. The donation refers to give money, gift or compensate the person, organization who is in need. A donation is typical a charity and it serves the purpose of humanity. Different words are used for the donation: khairat (Ø ®Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’Ø ± Ø Ø ª) or attya (Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ·Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’Û ). These words denote the charity collectively and individually. Islam appreciates the donation to the cause of the humanity. It is normally given at the time of disaster, emergency, people in need, to save a human being, construct an educational institution and to feed the hungry people. 3. Difference between zakat, sadaqah and donation Zakat, sadaqah and donations are different kinds of charities in Islamic ideology. Zakat is the obligatory annual alms-giving which is determined on the basis of the value of ones own wealth. It is calculated 2.5% as per Islamic traditions in an year. The zakat is calculated at the beginning of the Islamic month Ramadan. According to the Islamic scholars, the zakat must be collected from the Muslims. This principal does not apply to the non- Muslims living in a Muslim state. It is mandatory and has strict verdict to pay the zakat, however, without any penalty for it. Zakat is responsibility of the only person who owns wealth. It is liable on the individual and the family. However, the sadaqah is a charity that is given beside the zakat contribution over the surplus wealth. It is volunteer act and without any percentage. Sadaqah is not specified as only monetary terms (feeding the poor and the needy), but also given support to the orphans, widows in the form of advising or counseling. It also includes the volunteer activities for the befit of the community at larger: teaching to the poor, giving sense of good faith and advising them to excel on the right path, the path of God. Similarly, some of the Islamic scholars believe that to form charity organization, construct educational institutions (mosque, school, college, universities) and construction of well (to clean water supply to the community) are the different forms of sadaqah. It can be given on the name of any relative (parents or children), if a person wishes to do so. Nevertheless, the sadaqah is volunteer act of the person and depend upon the capacity and surplus wealth of the person. On the other hand, the donation is neither time specific nor it is mandatory or obligatory. It is volunteer activity of a person. It significantly differs from the zakat, but close to the sadaqah. Nevertheless, these three types of the charity contribute to the welfare of the humanity altogether. 4. Comparative view of charity: Development of moral economy Islamic notion of charity (in its different forms) generates a moral economy. This is the economy which is based on the good faith and welfare of the humanity. In line with Bollig (1998) and Thompsons (1971, 1993) notion of moral economy. Islamic charity gives the following notion of charity. 4.1 Islamic charity: Moral injection Benthall (1999) highlights the Quranic injection of charity. According to Benthall the Islamic system of almsgiving (zakat) is more organized than other societies. For him, the zakat is closely associated with the prayers and the worship of God, therefore, the Muslim are morally obliged to pay the zakat to the poor, to the needy as per Islamic conception. He argued that Zakat can be distributed in poor, needy, orphans, widows, divorcees, prisoners and their families, unemployed and homeless people, students, those who cannot afford to marry. It is also for the disasters victims and those in need of free medicine or dignified funerals of a person who need it (Benthall 1999:31). Therefore, the Islamic charity is a moral injection to work for the betterment of the humanity. 4.2 Zakat: Powerful instrument to poverty eradication Zakat denotes growth, extension and purification and it is a donation on wealth and agriculture product. The zakat is collected as per nature of the wealth. It is collected to fulfill the tire needs of the marginalized segment of the society. The zakat is fundamental creed of Islam: It obligatory act of worship (Mohammad 1991). According to Mohammad (1996), the zakat is a system that has potential to eradicate poverty and inequalities (1991:1119). The zakat system is well organized system for the development of a country but it can be more organized for poverty eradication and for the maintenance of a society like Pakistan (Mohammad 1991). Similarly, a survey was conducted in 1990/91 of the household Integrated Economic Survey in Pakistan and findings revealed that the zakat and usher were the significant to contribute the lives of the people (Shirazi 1996). According to the survey, 39000 zakat committees were working with 250 thousand volunteers (Shirazi 1996:166). The zakat contribution on 1981/1982 from 845.85 million Pakistani rupees to 4655.9 million in 1993/94 (Shirazi 1996:170). The money was spending to substance allowance for poor (708.622 million), rehabilitation (245.669 million Pakistani rupees) and 1738234 people benefited from the zakat contribution (Shirazi 1996:185). However, the latest figures on the issue are not available. The development of the Islamic charity and its faire distribution could lead to alleviate and then eradicate poverty in the Muslim countries. However, the institution either do not exist or unable to deliver the services effectively. At some places, this institution was suppressed due to the fear of the dominance and power politics. Nevertheless, the Islamic charity has potential to contribute to the welfare of the humanity. 4.3 Charity: Road towards the social justice According to Bremer (2004:1) the development of any society local resources are necessary. Islamic societies developed over a range of charity organizations to in order to address the needs of the needy and poor. These organizations are zakat boards, wakf (endowment) and diverse local structures reflecting the richness of Islamic culture from Dakar to Davao (Ibid). For her, a strong civil society is now widely recognized as an important pillar supporting democratic institutions in the West (Bremer 2004:2). The strength of the civil society leads towards the development of the democratic institutions. According to her, foreign aid and a government is not enough for development in Muslim societies. Bremer outlines that in recent years USAID has funded the creation of an NGO service center that provides technical assistance and training to civil society organizations, and has granted financial support directly to NGOs ranging from business associations to community development groups (B remer 2004:3). For her, this development contribution can be significantly increased with the assistance of Islamic charity in Muslim societies. Ultimately, this charity leads towards the establishment of the social justice system (Bremer 2004). The whole notion of charity revolves around the notion of social justice in the Muslim world. The charity is the strong instrument to bring in the social justice. It helps the marginalized population within the society and tries to bridge the gap between the poor and the rich. 4.4 Charity: Funding for free education According to Blanchard (2007) religious school work as a charity organization in Muslim countries. They are source of providing education to the vulnerable groups, especially to the madrasas (religious schools). Madrasas offer a free education, room, and board to their students, and thus they appeal to impoverished families and individuals. On the whole these religious schools are supported by private donations from Muslim believers through a process of alms-giving known in Arabic as zakat. The practice of zakatone of the five pillars of the Islamic faithprescribed that a fixed proportion of ones income be given to specified charitable causes, and traditionally a portion of zakat has endowed religious education (2007:4). Blanchard (2007) provides information that in Pakistan Madrasas are being observed by the government regarding their finance sources after 9/11 attack in the United States. He reveals that the madrasas are contributing to provide the education to the poorest. He found that madrasas are registered in Pakistan and their financial assistance is observed by the Government of Pakistan since August 2006 (Blanchard 2007:5). Nonetheless, the charity could fill the gap of the education. 4.5 Charity: Belief and health seeking behaviour A study highlights the importance of the sadaqah in health seeking behaviour in Pakistan (see Midway, Tabasco, Hani, and Khan 2010). This study revealed those patients who strongly belief and practice sadaqah (charity) feel better and believe that they can recover their health after giving charity to the poor. According to this research, almost 85% of the respondent thought and gave charity. The study reveals that the sadaqah is usually giving in the form of money (85.2%) clothes (49.2%) and sacrificing an animal (65.5%). Almost 92% of the respondents relate the belief and practice of sadaqah giving in the hope of recovery from illness. Nevertheless, charity gives internal strength to the patients and they believe that they can have better health recovery after giving the charity. 4.6 Islamic charity is universal or specific notion of welfare: There are two views about the Islamic charity. One, it is localized notion of welfare and limited to the only Muslims and the Muslim societies. The Muslims are contributors as well as consumer of the charity. This perspective is under criticism among a large segment of the Muslim scholars (see Benthall 1999). However, the second point of view is that Islamic charity is universal and every human being without border, creed and dogma can benefit from the charity. However, the charity contribution is applied only on Muslims. The Muslim contributes to the charity and gives equal importance to the whole human being in order to disburse the charity (Benthall 1999). However, they do not impose on the non- Muslims. Nevertheless, only Muslims are contributor of the Islamic charity. However, it is equally important to give the charity to the non-Muslims. There is no specification of creed or dogma in the Islamic charity (except zakat). The zakat is limited to the Muslim societies. The donation are without any religious affiliation or association. 5. Discussion There is wide spread opportunity to get resources in order to feed the marginalized segment of the society, as per the notion of Islamic charity, then why the Muslim countries are dependent upon foreign aid is a question which is often raised. In fact, there are two major reasons of the dependency of the Muslim societies on the foreign aid and remain in the vicious cycle of poverty and under development. 5.1 Collapse of the charity institution: Change in the charity institutions Muslim countries depend upon the foreign aid because they were unable to maintain their institutions. Such institutions were collapsed during the colonization or soon after (Bremer 2004). In the eyes of the colonial masters, the Muslim charity institutions were the symbol of Muslim legacy and they were a source of the rise of the Muslim power. Therefore, it was necessary to abolish such institution from the Muslims societies (Bremer 2004). Especially, the zakat institution was under strong scrutiny during the colonial era because it was believed that this institution supports the freedom struggle. The colonial powers developed the institution of welfare instead of the zakat institution. However, this welfare institution, developed by the colonial powers, was perceived as not ones own. It was considered as a symbol to get money, but without any legacy (Bremer 2004). It was just perceived as the symbol of the colony and soon after become the source to collect the money by hook or by crook. People wanted to get benefited from the social welfare but not were ready to pay it back. Therefore, it was not much institutionalized as the zakat was spread during the Muslim era in the Middle East and in the Muslim countries before the 19th century. However, the Islamic charity institutions are believed as part of the worship of the God. Therefore, there were rare cases of the unfairness or corruption. They have strong check and balance to maintain the charity among the Muslim charity organizations. Nonetheless, the change in the charity institution brought mistrust and unfairness in the charity. Many of the Muslims societies became the prey of it and remain in the vicious cycle of poverty and under development. 5.2 Collapse of morality: Change to develop a new morality based on materialism Islam appreciates the giving hands (charity giver) and discourages the charity recipient. According to Islam, giving hand is better than the receiving hand. However, current scenario does not reflect the basic ideology of the charity of Islam. Despite of the fact that the zakat remain as an institution among the Muslim societies at individual level. However, it was not developed at the state level after the colonial era. It was perceived that state is in the hands of someone else (colonial masters or their local representatives) and there was not any institutionalized method of the zakat collection and its distribution. This mistrust or non-confidence led to collapse the real notion of the moral economy among the Muslims. In Islamic morality, there are two sets of rights and obligation for a Muslim: the rights to worship God and the right to serve the humanity. In Islam, the right of God may be put aside by the God, if He wants to do so. However, the right to serve the humanity cannot be neglected until unless the fellow human beings do not forgive it. It is exclusive related with the people and their rights. They (people, especially poor and the needy) have to forgive their rights to the fellow Muslims. So the Islamic moral values exclusive emphasize on the welfare and social security of the humanity and the marginalized group of the society. However, the collapse of the Islamic morality of charity is dominated phenomenon in the current era. It does contradict on the basic philosophy of the Islam that spends everything to the humanity which is surplus. However, the materialism and greed for wealth is dominant in the current culture of the Muslim societies. It is depicted in the life style and in the emerging value system. Consequently, it is affecting the basic notion of the Islamic charity and changing the moral economy of the Muslim in the contemporary era. 7. Conclusion Islamic concept of charity is much associated with the Muslim societies. It forms a moral economy and moral value systems (give charity and worship to the God). It also strengthens the notion of close social networking of the Muslims. However, it does not neglect the humanity at large. It gives a due share to provide the help to the people of the world. The charity is given to the needy, poor, scholars, charity organizations and welfare of the society at large. However, criticism to retain the Muslim charity among Muslim is not exclusive from the discussion of the charity. Dominant point of view, however, is in favour of the humanity rather than the welfare of the any specific community. Islamic charity begins from the individual level. It creates the space for the state. However, it does not exclusive involve the state to regulate the charity. The charity in Islam is equally important to the worship of God. Islam emphasize the worship of God (right to obey the God) and the service for the humanity (the rights of the poor and the needy). The charity is the right of the fellow human beings who are in need and it cannot be neglected as per Islamic moral economy. The Islamic charity is grounded in the concept of the moral economy.

Literary elements used by poe :: essays research papers

Literary Elements in Poe’s Writing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the writings of great authors it is easy to pick out the literary elements used by them. Edgar Allan Poe is one of these authors. He makes use of the same literary elements in many of his stories. Three of the most used literary elements are irony, antagonists and foreshadowing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Irony is used very often by Poe. Irony is when something occurs that is the exact opposite of how it should be or seem. Irony varies in that it may be displayed through someone’s actions or an ironic happening. An example of irony in someone’s action are in the Cask of Amontillado is when Montressor repeatedly seems concerned for Fortunato’s health, even though his real intentions are to kill him. It also may be considered ironic that Poe named the enemy of Monstressor, Fortunato. Being that Fortunato means fortunate or lucky in Italian, it is ironic that he is very unlucky in that he his buried alive in a wall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Antagonist is also a literary element used by Poe is this story. We see how Forunato so ignorantly and thoughtlessly antagonized the questionably insane Montressor. The consequence for this antagonist was death by dehydration and starvation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most common literary elements used by Poe throughout many of his works is foreshadowing. Poe loved foreshadowing what is to come as much as he can. We see him often use little things to foreshadow. Such as, the infamous raven, or the dichromatic beating of the heart within a dead man buried in the floor. In the Cask of Amontillado, we see foreshadowing in the speech of Monstressor and Fortunato. When Fortunato states, â€Å"I shall not die of a mere cough†, Monstressor enthusiastically agrees with him.

The Future of Small Science Essay -- Nanoscience Technology Essays

The Future of Small Science In the last few years, nanotechnology has become a craze within the science community, even though its almost completely theoretical nature makes it an industry of potential, rather than results. But in the United States, faith in its future, backed by a government four-year plan to spend $3.7 billion on nanotechnology research, a host of entrepreneurial businesses have sprung up with â€Å"nano† written somewhere in their mission statements. Basically defined only as the manipulation of particles on the nano scale (i.e., extremely small), the fundamental science for nanotechnology has been around since 1918, when physicist Max Planck helped create the theories of quantum physics. But without precision equipment, these theories could not be tested, and until recently no applications could be developed for this new and intriguing science. Now, the term nanotechnology is used to encompass new techniques and applications made real by advanced equipment. And it isn’t only businesses fighting to stay ahead in the race for mass-production of these newly possible devices, but many competitive schools, with Massachusetts universities being main players in the State’s world-renowned nano research. Northeastern University has been a serious player in the nanotech field since 2001, when the Kostis Donation gave $200,000 to fund continued nanotechnology research. Now, with a $12.4 million grant received this March from the National Science Foundation, split mainly between two other New England universities – the University of New Hampshire and UMASS Lowell – Northeastern has big plans for the future of the very small. â€Å"It’s not a lot of money, but it attracts industry, and that’s what we need,† said A... ...reate each nano device leaves much room for error as well as being impractically slow. Nanoscience is a technology with its greatest potential not for creation, but improvement. It has caught the attention of such a large section of the market because miniaturization is such a versatile and widely desired concept; the medical world hopes to be able to use intelligently invasive nano devices to fight certain viruses within the human body; the computer chip industry could push its processors to unheard of speeds, as smaller chips mean less power, and thus what is considered hand-held technology today could become microscopic. And now with Northeastern positioning itself directly in the middle of what could be the greatest scientific revolution since the Theory of Relativity, this university could become a big force in a world becoming obsessed with the very small. The Future of Small Science Essay -- Nanoscience Technology Essays The Future of Small Science In the last few years, nanotechnology has become a craze within the science community, even though its almost completely theoretical nature makes it an industry of potential, rather than results. But in the United States, faith in its future, backed by a government four-year plan to spend $3.7 billion on nanotechnology research, a host of entrepreneurial businesses have sprung up with â€Å"nano† written somewhere in their mission statements. Basically defined only as the manipulation of particles on the nano scale (i.e., extremely small), the fundamental science for nanotechnology has been around since 1918, when physicist Max Planck helped create the theories of quantum physics. But without precision equipment, these theories could not be tested, and until recently no applications could be developed for this new and intriguing science. Now, the term nanotechnology is used to encompass new techniques and applications made real by advanced equipment. And it isn’t only businesses fighting to stay ahead in the race for mass-production of these newly possible devices, but many competitive schools, with Massachusetts universities being main players in the State’s world-renowned nano research. Northeastern University has been a serious player in the nanotech field since 2001, when the Kostis Donation gave $200,000 to fund continued nanotechnology research. Now, with a $12.4 million grant received this March from the National Science Foundation, split mainly between two other New England universities – the University of New Hampshire and UMASS Lowell – Northeastern has big plans for the future of the very small. â€Å"It’s not a lot of money, but it attracts industry, and that’s what we need,† said A... ...reate each nano device leaves much room for error as well as being impractically slow. Nanoscience is a technology with its greatest potential not for creation, but improvement. It has caught the attention of such a large section of the market because miniaturization is such a versatile and widely desired concept; the medical world hopes to be able to use intelligently invasive nano devices to fight certain viruses within the human body; the computer chip industry could push its processors to unheard of speeds, as smaller chips mean less power, and thus what is considered hand-held technology today could become microscopic. And now with Northeastern positioning itself directly in the middle of what could be the greatest scientific revolution since the Theory of Relativity, this university could become a big force in a world becoming obsessed with the very small.

Children vs. Authority: Rebellious Attitudes

Children vs. Authority: Rebellious Attitudes to Avoid Societal Expectations Children's literature has an extremely influential way of shaping a child's outlook on life. When children read stories, they often relate to the characters on a very personal level, whether the character is polite and kind or rude and bratty. The plots of children's stories can influence generations of children in negative and positive ways. For over one hundred years, one of these influential texts is still J. M. Barrie's Peter and Wendy, which originated as a play.The main character, Peter Pan, is a boy ho lives in Neverland and refuses to grow up. He lives by his own rules, with no parental guidance to help him learn right from wrong. The same concept is depicted in Harriet the Spy by Louise Fitzhugh. Harriet, an eleven year old aspiring writer, creates her own rules for being a child rather than conforming to societal expectations. In a book written by Colin Heywood, the historical expectations of childr en are explored with the conclusion that the expectations of children will continue to change over time, and Heywood is in hopes of this becoming a positive change.During the transition period from child to adult, many children rebel against authority figures, including parents or institutions. In Peter and Wendy and Harriet the Spy, the main characters rebel against authority in such a way as to defy social order. Living in Neverland, Peter refuses to mature and wishes to remain a boy forever, while Harriet could careless about conforming to the typical social requirements of her gender. Heywood discusses the gradual societal changes inflicted upon children from before the writings of J. M. Barrie to current novelists today.Both Peter and Wendy are strong examples of children who oppose parental authority fgures in order to resist the social normalities which proceed adolescence. Barrie's character of Peter Pan opposes all authority in Peter and Wendy, however, the parental fgure o f Neverland -Captain Hook- is the one authoritarian fgure in Peter's fantasy which he cannot escape. The plot seems to thicken as the story continues, and their is major friction between the two characters: Peter avoids authority while Hook demands it. Peter interacts with parental authority throughout the novel, beginning with the Darlings.He frequently listens to the stories Mrs. Darling tells in the nursery, yet will not commit to the idea of parents and the rules that come along with them. He instead encourages Wendy, Michael and John to fly to Neverland with him, enticing them with â€Å"mermaids† and â€Å"pirates† (Barrie 97-100). This enticement is a depiction of Peter avoiding authority; he is encouraging the children to rebel and leave their parents for a fantasy island with no rules. A second example of Peter resisting authority is his interaction with Captain Hook in Neverland.Hook represents the dominant adult authority in a fantasy land with no ules, ther efore, Peter and Captain Hook are polar opposites in the story. Peters constant opposition to boyhood leads to Hooks death to the infamous crocodile. Through Peters defile of authority to both parental fgures in the novel, he is avoiding the social structure which occurs in ones growth from child to adult. Besides blatantly stating â€Å"l always want to be a little boy and to nave tun,† Peter Pan continuously suppresses the idea of parental guidance or any type of authority (Barrie 92).Peter does not want to participate in the normal milestones of life, nstead, he wishes to stay a boy forever. He is constantly avoiding rules, adults, and any concept of responsibility expected from him. Although Peter demonstrates many qualities of a young man, especially with his leadership of the lost boys, he continuously defies the social normalities which follow adolescence. In an article written about J. M. Barrie, it states that Peter and Wendy stand out from other works for its use of â€Å"childhood innocence, the island as a retreat from society, separation, the fantastic, and the need for social order† (Schoenberg and Trudeau 2).Social order s a reoccuring theme in Barrie's novel; the evident lack of social order emphasizes the evident need for it. When Wendy travels to Neverland with Peter she begins feeling romantically inclined towards him, however, Peter does not return the same emotion. He is incapable of romance, as he is not a man nor wishes to be one. He demonstrates authority himself, yet will not accept it from others. With the control of his own fantasy in Neverland, Peter eliminates any possibility of having a father and instead takes on the role as he sees fit.

Nature of the Gods in the Iliad

The Homeric idols know they ar better than the somebodys that serve them and do non c be very oftentimes(prenominal) when they fight and choose quarrels. The gods can ever proceedingly withdraw from the difference of opinion and never guide to worry nigh dying or suffering that the valet de chambre live with every day during the struggle. This is where we sympathise the motivations of the gods, their relationships with mortals, relationships with separately early(a) and the magnatefulness and say-so of genus genus genus genus Zeus.The motivations of the gods differ greatly throughout the Iliad, including the legislations they tolerate with soldiers who were fighting in the struggle. For example, Aphrodite has a sp atomic number 18 relationship with the Trojan hero, genus capital of France. When he is injure In a battle with Menelaus, she whisked Paris away with the sleight of a goddess. (3, 370-400) She took Paris away from the fighting because she samed h im because he chooses her as the prettiest over arrest and genus Athene in an earlier part of the fable. She salvage him out of her own honor, non for Paris life. Selfishness was adept of the motivations of the gods.When the non-Christian priest of Apollo has his daughter pledgen by the Greeks and they refuse to give her seat he prays to Apollo saying try on me, Silvereye, Protector of scarlet Grant me this prayer Let the Damns earnings for my tears with your arrows. Apollo heard his prayer and descended Olympus crags pulsation with fury, bow slung over one soldier, the arrows festal In their case on his back as the angry god go Like night down the mountain. (1 , 45-50) Because Apollo valued prayers to him he sent arrows that rained down on the Greeks for nine days causing galore(postnominal) of them to die from the plague.The reason Apollo retaliates is cause he feels insulted that the Greeks do non respect his priest and In return himself. He starts killing the G reeks out of selfishness and the desire of Keels_ Even the gods cute honor. This motivated them to go to war with the mortals. The gods too value control and government agency. They use the heroes of apiece side as pawns in their war to come over which gods will win and see which are stronger. The gods motivations differed from one god to the next, and this on occasion caused conflict between them. The gods are displayed as one big, dysfunctional family.The gods relationships with each there are found on qualm and hatred between each separate. The gods impart conflict about everything Just identical some humans do. Their conflict ordinarily plays out in the mortal land and Is willing to fight each other to affect the outcome of the war. Even though Zeus is the most powerful and threatens the others often, they placid continue to go over against him Just non in fighting him. Hear tricks him, genus Athene financial aids some of the heroes, and Poseidon helps the Gre ek side when Zeus is knocked out. They do this to show that they think they are smarter than Zeus and want power.Zeus realizes this ND says Hear you scheming blotch, this trick of yours has pointn swagger out and routed his phalanx. (10, 15-MOM Zeus becomes furious with Hear because she tricks him into f aloneing asleep for a large enough time while she and Poseidon help the Greeks, which were against Zeus because he was helping the Trojan. This was scarcely a simple trick and did not Involve fighting Like most of the war. Athena says she will protect Dimmest, son of tudes, and she stands on Greeks side. Athena agrees to do this because she doesnt like Ares because Ares turned Trojan and abandoned theI off-key his spear home to the pit of Ares belly, where the kilt-piece cover it. Athena seriously injured the god Ares besides could not kill him because he is immortal. This made him back out of the war and gave the Greeks the upper hand once again. The gods were always again st each other because of personal reasons and this caused some humans to die because of what they chose to do. The gods seem to have a unique relationship with the mortals in the epic poem. The gods do not rattling care much about what happens to the humans.The gods do not everyow something to append to the mortals based on this outside force that predestines everything. The gods, oddly Zeus, believe heavily in mountain. Zeus tells the other gods that idolizes something may interfere with fate, If Achilles is the alone fighting out there, the Trojan wont last a minute against him I fear he may exceed his fate and demolish the w tot bothy. (20, 20) He sent the gods into the war to stop Achilles from destroying the Trojan army sooner it was foretold. This causes much more death but that does not guinea pig as much as fate to the gods.Not raze the every last(predicate) and powerful Zeus would try to sees with fate. Zeus wishes to alter the destiny set for his son, and in s pite of his tops(predicate)ity to the other Olympian (not to indicate the other minor gods and goddesses), he is unable to resist the authority of his daughters, the requirements. Hear unconstipated makes him not go against fate. Zeus says Fate has it that Sarandon, whom I love more than some(prenominal) man, is to be killed by Patrols. Shall I take him out of the battle while he still lives? (16) Hear says A mortal man, whose fate has long been fixed, and you want to fulfill him from rattling death. 16) So Zeus mum that he should to change the fate for even his dear Sarandon. This shows us once again that fate is more powerful than all of the gods. Zeus does care some about the Trojan, but he is just repaying a favor to Thesis, Achilles mother. Thesis begs Zeus go forth the Trojan the upper hand until the Greeks harmonize my son the honor he deserves (1, 540-541) and Zeus does it. He made the Trojan army start winning battles Just because of a personal debt to a goddess. This shows us how much he really cared for the outcome of the war.Zeus was the strongest of all of the gods and the mortals did not mean ere much to him. The power and authority of the leader of the gods, Zeus, is very commonplace throughout the Iliad. Zeus focuses on having the upper hand compared to all the other gods when it comes to power and authority. He never gives up the casualty to remind the other gods who is the strongest of them all. Zeus was doubtless stronger than all of the other gods put together. He is even so certain of his power as to say that he could take them all on without breaking a sweat.Zeus tells the other gods These two hands are more powerful than all the gods on Olympus imbibed (8, 462-463) Zeus bragged throughout the entire myth about his power. All of the other gods knew not to fight against Zeus so they all tried to outsmart him which worked on occasion. Zeus to the other gods Come on. Hang a gold cable down from the turn over. All you gods and goddesses holding the end couldnt drag me down from the sky to earth Zeus the Master, no matter how hard you tried. (8, 20-30) He knew he was that much stronger than all the others. When he told the gods they could interfere they did.When he told them they couldnt they listened for the most art. His authority was unmatched by any of the other gods. Affect the gods at all except it excites them into doing battle with each other and choosing a favorite side. They gods may have fought the battle but their magnate made them unable to die and they did not suffer making them far superior to the mortals that were fighting for their lives on the battlefield. The nature of the gods is seen in the epic through their motivations, how the mortals where treated by the gods, how they saw each other as gods, and Zeus strength and prowess above all the other gods.

Personality type INFJ letters Essay

INFJ (intr explicited, intuitive, feeling, judging) is a 4-letter code utilize to represent unrivalled of the 16 genius figures identified by the Myers-Briggs Type indicator (MBTI). This genius assessment was created by Isabel Myers and her generate Katherine Briggs in the 1940s based on the theories of Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung. batch with INFJ own(prenominal)ities be originative, gentle and caring. According to David Keirsey, the INFJ instance is one of the rargonst with just one to three portion of the population exhibiting this personality type. INFJ CharacteristicsThe MBTI identifies your personality type by looking at four main beas 1) Extraversion vs Introversion, 2) Sensing vs Intuition, 3) thought process vs Feeling and 4) Judging vs Perceiving. On to each one of these four aras, the MBTI identifies which way your personality unravels to listing for each dimension. As you hind end see, the INFJ personality leans toward Introversion, Intuiting, Feelin g and Judging. Introversion (I) INFJs list to be reserved, quiet and stick a lilliputian circle of close friends.Intuition (N) INFJs are prefer abstract concepts and tend to charge on the big picture or else than concrete details.Feeling (F) INFJs go into a biger emphasis on personal concerns than objective facts when qualification decisions.Judging (J) INFJs desire to exert control by planning, organizing and making decisions as early as possible.People with INFJ personalities tend to exhibit the following characteristics expansiveSensitive to the needs of othersHighly creative and artisticReservedFocused on the futurePrivateValues close, full-bodied relationshipsEnjoys thinking about the consequence of bearingINFJs are driven by their absolute values and seek out meaning in all areas of their lives including relationships and work. People with this type of personality are often depict as deep and complex. INFJs have an congenital ability to understand other tribe s feelings. tour they are introverted, they some whiles seem extroverted at generation due to their strong interest in plenty and society. INFJs are interested in helping others and making the world a better place. They tend to be handsome listeners and are high-priced at interacting with people which whom they are emotionally close and connected. spot they care deeply about others, INFJs tend to be very introverted and are only willing to partake in their authentic selves with a select few. After be in social situations, INFJs need time to themselves to recharge.INFJs withal have a genius for language and are usually quite an good at demoing themselves on paper. They have a vivid inner life, yet they are often hesitant to share this with others except for perhaps those closest to them. While they are quiet and sensitive, they can also be good leaders. Even when they fag outt take on overt leadership roles, they often act as quiet influencers behind the scenes. In sc hool, INFJs are usually high achievers and get good grades. They can be perfectionists at times and tend to put a great deal of effort into their academic work. INFJs make happy learning, particularly about people, society, literature and art. They tend to prefer studying subjects that involves abstract theories and ideas rather than concrete facts and information. Because they are reserved and private, INFJs can be difficult to get to know. They place a high value on close, deep relationships and can be get easily, although they often hide these feelings from others.Best Careers for INFJsINFJs do comfortably in careers where they can express their creativity. Because people with INFJ personality have such deeply held convictions and values, they do particularly well in jobs that support these principles.